THREE IN ONE : (nuclear intel)

1. In 2007 an effort to break-in at the Pelindaba nuclear site in South Africa went south. Two groups of four armed men each breached the significant security barriers at the site, but reportedly left empty handed after shooting an employee in the site’s emergency center.

For a period of time they were reported to have had a laptop computer seized from the site in their hands, but later dropped it during the escape. None of the intruders were ever captured by authorities. The wounded employee achieved a full recovery.

Now comes word from an unlikely source about what the intruders were after at the site. Early press reports published in 2007 said that they wanted to steal highly enriched uranium (HEU) which can be used to make atomic bombs. South Africa gave up its nuclear weapons program long ago, but kept the unused HEU at the Pelindaba site.

It turns out, according to a news report in the Toronto, CA, Globe & Mail, for Feb 27 that the what the thieves really wanted was technology plans and specifications related to South Africa’s Pebble Bed nuclear reactor program.  The revelation comes from the unauthorized release of intelligence documents from the South African government obtained and published by the Al Jazeera news network. It alleges the intruders were paid to do the deed by China in search of the so-called nuclear fuel secrets of the pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR).

PBMR TRISO Fuel Elements

A pebble bed reactor is a fast reactor which uses uranium fuel enriched to about 9% U235 in the form of fuel elements shaped like tennis balls.

A graphite coating surrounds the fuel which heats inert helium to temperatures of up to 500C.

The South African government poured millions of dollars in R&D into the design, but eventually abandoned the work, but not because of issues with the fuel.

However, according to the Globe & Mail report, citing the released documents, that China was behind the break-in because it wanted the pebble bed technology and stealing it was cheaper than buying it.

The report says that as a result of acquiring the technical information from South Africa, by 2009 China was leaping ahead to develop a whole nuclear city at Shandong built around a network of pebble bed reactors. The Chinese embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, called the story “a fabrication.”

What’s wrong with this story?

There are a number of holes in this story leading to possible conclusions that the so-called “intelligence documents” are either fabrications or disinformation or something else, but whatever the case may be, the story doesn’t hold water. Here’s why.

• The South African nuclear R&D program couldn’t make the pebble bed design work. It overspent on the project to the point that the government washed its hands of the whole effort. It hadn’t solved problems, especially with regard to materials capable of handing the high temperatures, related to efficient heat transfer, and the design seemed better suited for process heat applications for industry than for power generation of electricity for general use.
• Even the U.S. was not impressed by South Africa’s work on the PBMR.  A delegation of scientists and engineers from the Idaho National lab, led by then U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu, went to South Africa to see if there was anything worth saving. The idea was if there was to transfer it to the Idaho lab. Except for ongoing work on testing the pebble bed TRISO fuel, not much came out of the visit.
• The CBS television news program 60 Minutes went to Pelidaba in 2008 to investigate the break-in and learned nothing new about it. The CBS News report hyped the theory the thieves were trying to steal HEU.
• The so-called stolen computer was recovered by security teams at Pelindaba according the Miach Zenko, now an expert affiliated with the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2007 I interviewed him about the break-in shortly after his OP ED about it appeared in the Washington Post. He told me two things. First, the thieves were after the 600 kg (1300 lbs) of HEU stored there. Second, the only thing they got after a pitched, hand-to-hand battle with the employee in the emergency center, shooting him in the process, was a computer which they later dropped during their escape. It is unlikely they would have had time to copy the contents of the hard drive while running across the site in the dark.
• While the thieves were successful in breaching a 10,000 volt electric fence, and getting past an array of security sensors, including CCTV, they didn’t seem to know where to go once inside the perimeter. One of the two groups spent nearly an hour being lost on the site and never met up with the other. Overall, there is a disconnect between the ability of the intruders to get inside the plant and their behaviors once they got there. How the eight men involved in the break-in were going to unpack and walk way with 1300 pounds of HEU remains unexplained.
• In 2007 the Chinese government was well on its way toward developing their pebble bed reactor design. Plus, they were getting help from American nuclear expert Andrew Kadak who at the time was working at MIT. Kadak’s work on pebble bed reactors. His work with China precedes the Pelindaba break-in by several years. An MIT press release from 2003 highlights Kadak’s work on the technology with Tsinghua University in Beijing. The Chinese already had the technical expertise they needed so why steal it from South Africa?

Spy stories, and spectacular allegations of stolen nuclear secrets, make great content for selling newspapers, or gaining eyeballs on the Internet. In this case, count me as a skeptic about the so-called truth in these reports.

Postscript: My friend and colleague in nuclear blogging Rod Adams reminds me that Pebble Bed reactors are not fast reactors.

“Each pebble contains about 210 grams of graphite and only 9 grams of fuel material. The graphite serves as a neutron moderator, making the neutron spectrum in these machines thermal vice fast.”

https://neutronbytes.com/2015/03/01/ghosts-of-pelindaba-nuclear-site-break-in-return-to-haunt-south-africa/

2. Small, fast neutron spectrum nuclear power plant with a long refueling interval 

WO 2011142869 A3

http://www.google.tl/patents/WO2011142869A3?hl=pt-PT

3. 

The SC-HTGR is a two-loop modular high-temperature steam supply system with inherent safety design allowing co-location with industrial facilities. The 102-column prismatic block annular configuration reactor core geometry provides ideal radial conduction to maximize the benefits of naturally passive decay heat removal.

AREVA NP'S HTGR: INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT, HYDROGEN, ELECTRICITY

AREVA NP’s Steam Cycle High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (SC-HTGR) is a small, modular, graphite-moderated and helium-cooled, high-temperature nuclear reactor with a nominal peak power of 625 MWt.

he reactor uses tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel. At the center of each fuel particle is a kernel of uranium oxycarbide, enriched to less than 20 percent uranium-235. The kernel is surrounded by three alternating layers of pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide. The particles are embedded in cylindrical compacts of graphite matrix material with a diameter of slightly more than 1 cm, and the compacts are loaded into graphite fuel blocks. Nominal power distribution is controlled in the core through the use of a combination of particle packing fraction, burnable poison, and enrichment, as appropriate for each specific fuel cycle. At its heart, the SC-HTGR uses a 102-column prismatic block-type reactor core based on AREVA NP’s ANTARES concept. The core is sized to take maximum advantage of the passive heat removal capability of modular high-temperature reactors (HTR).