SUMMARY OF INVENTION 65 It is an object of this invention to provide an im- proved process of making HMX which provides both high power, and extreme insensitivity, at a price which The special insensitivity of this HMX is due to several factors, each of which must be held in tight tolerance. The particle size must be kept to about 1 to about 5 micron in range, the polymorph must be alpha, and the purity must be very high. To obtain the right poly- morph the amount of nitric acid used must be carefully controlled as too high or too low a dilution could cause the formation of gamma HMX. Further, the tempera- ture of the reaction must be kept as close to room tem- perature as possible because if the temperature rises above 45 degrees Centigrade, the product again ob- tained is gamma HMX, instead of alpha HMX, the de- sired product. To obtain the right size, the product must be precipitated with great agitation in the manner de- scribed with a high speed mixing turbine at about 15,000 RPM. The purity of the product must be upgraded using the solid phase up-grading techniques hereinafter described. Failure to follow any and all of the steps in the procedure, may seriously compromise, if not pre- vent the establishment of the special property of insensi- tivity to this alpha HMX material. EXAMPLE 1 Nitration of TAT with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphorous pentoxide. 250 grams, within the effective range of 200 to 300 grams, of 98% nitric acid were introduced into a 500 ml. beaker, provided with a thermometer, and a magnetic stirring bar. 70 grams of phosphorous pentoxide were then added in portions over a 30 minute period. The addition was made with stirring via the magnetic stir- ring bar and the rate of addition of the phosphorous pentoxide was dictated by the temperature of the reac- tion mixture, which was not permitted to rise above 35 degrees Centigrade. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir covered by a piece of aluminum foil until the temperature fell to room temperature. 50 grams of TAT were then added in about 4 equal portions at such a rate that the temperature was prevented from rising above 40 degrees Centigrade. The reaction mixture was al- lowed to fall to room temperature, and the stirring bar was removed when all signs of any exothermic action had subsided. The beaker was covered by aluminum foil and allowed to set undisturbed for 16 hours at room temperature. During this time the entire reaction mix- ture sets-up to a cream cheese like consistency. The reaction mixture is discharged directly into the vortex of a room temperature water bath stirred by an L-TEC air turbine mixed, (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,677), specifically designed for very high speed mixing and dispersing. The water acts to brake the reaction com- 4 plex, and precipitates the alpha HMX, guaranteeing the formation of extremely small particles (crystals). The solid crude alpha is filtered, and washed with as much cold water as necessary to reach a constant of 7 ph. (This water should be maintained between 10 to 35 degrees Centigrade to prevent any digestion of the size of the crystals. The filtered but damp cake is then dis- persed in 6 to 8 times its mass of agitated boiling water. The total washing time should not exceed 2 minutes in order to prevent size enhancement via digestion. The washed crude HMX, which should have no odor, is METHOD B The quantities and methods as in Example 1 above, however, a water proof container is employed and the mixture is placed in a constant temperature bath at 40 degrees centigrade. The thickness of the paste in the container is limited so as to permit attainment of bath temperature throughout the mixture in a reasonable period of time. If necessary the mixture may be stirred mechanically. Under these conditions the upgrading time is reduced to approximately 4 hours. then filtered hot, and rinsed with cold water. This cur- METHOD C tails crystal digestion before being thoroughly dried. The drying may be simple air drying, or vacuum drying at a temperature near 50 degrees Centigrade. The still crude HMX must now be up-graded in pu- rity before use. This is accomplished by anyone of the following methods. PART 2 The same quantities were used as set forth in Example 1 however, the mixture is fed through a heated screw mixer or feeder for rapid mixing and temperature equili- bration. The temperature may be adjusted upwards to the 70 degree region reducing the reaction time to a matter of minutes. RESULTS METHOD A Purification of the contaminated HMX produced above by trituration with a nitric acid/phosphorous pentoxide mixture. 100 grams of the contaminated HMX are added por- tion wise to 100 grams of nitric acid (about 70 ml.), within the effective range 80 to 120 grams, containing 12.5 grams, which is within effective range 10 to 14 30 grams, of phosphorous pentoxide. The container may be a simple beaker which may be covered with alumi- num foil. The quantity of nitric acid used here may be increased (not above 1 30 grams) for easier mixing of the mixture. The quantity used here has been found to be 35 given about as thick a mixture as is practical. The quan- tity of phosphorous pentoxide may be reduced or in- creased depending for the greater part upon the amount of water originally present in the nitric acid and the amount of SEX present in the sample. The quantities 40 used here have been found to work well over a very wide range of sample purities with initial melting points as low as 230 degrees centigrade. The phosphorous pentoxide should be fully dissolved and contain no solid particles. The nitric acid may be prepared ahead of time 45 and kept as a stock solution. The HMX must be free of DANNO (l,5-diacetyloctahydro-3-nitro-7-nitroso- 1,3,5,7-tetraazocine), since contamination with this The impact values obtained via the “ERL, Type 12 Impact Tester” using a 2 and one half kilogram mass, demonstrated values 5 to 10 times greater than normally achievable with “Class 5 Beta HMX”, and kinetic en- ergy values 10 to 20 times greater than normal, As the following actual data indicates DROP Initiation y = yes, n = no 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 100 cm drop n 150 cm drop n 150 cm drop n 150 cm drop y 150 cm drop n 150 cm drop n 150 cm drop y 150 cm drop n 150 cm drop y 150 cm drop n 1 50 cm drop y compound can cause dangerous fume-offs. The gradual addition of the HMX to the nitric acid solution is to 50 Do t0 tbe dam age being caused to the test apparatus facilitate the mixing as no exothermic action should by the lar 8 e amount of kinetic energy released from occur. The paste is left for about 16 hours at room tern- sucb S reat dro P heights it was decided to accept the perature, samples may be taken to determine comple- 50% initiation value as being somewhere above 150 cm. tion of the reaction. Reactions have been intentionally ANAT Y
Saturday, December 16, 2017
wlcome ! making a highly impact insensi- tive form of HMX called Alpha HMX - having an average particle size of 5 microns "HMX, which is known as l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7- tetraazacyclooctane, is the most powerful non-atomic 25 explosive in military use...The special insensitivity of this HMX is due to several factors, each of which must be held in tight tolerance. The particle size must be kept to about 1 to about 5 micron in range, the polymorph must be alpha, and the purity must be very high. To obtain the right poly- morph the amount of nitric acid used must be carefully controlled as too high or too low a dilution could cause the formation of gamma HMX..."
Friday, December 15, 2017
Let's begin with what's beeing worrying nuclear non proliferation people
Magnetized Cylindrial Targets for Heavy Ion Fusion
Cylindrical targets are promising as an alternative approach to heavy ion fusion (HIF)[1], as well as for basic science-oriented experiments in the near future [2]. In my PhD thesis (available as download), I have investigated basic properties of such targets. In difference to spherical heavy ion fusion targets, the cylindrical targets can be driven directly by a single ion beam, while axial magnetic fields (for heat insulation) can be applied to the targets prior to implosions. In cylindrical targets, the magnetic field geometry is consistent with the target; this is the main difference to other approaches to magnetized target fusion [3].
Figure: Schematic view of a magnetized cylindrical target. The target consists of a metallic tube filled with fuel plasma at low density. An axial magnetic field ( indicated by B) is applied externally before the implosion. The driving ion beam then heats the outer part of of the hollow cylinder; it expands radially and drives the inner part of the tube (pusher) towards the axis, as indicated by arrows. A typical size of the targets is approximately 1-3mm in radius and 10-30mm in length.
The most prominent features of magnetized cylindrical fusion targets are:
References:
[1] R.Ramis, J.Honrubia and J.Meyer-ter-Vehn, Hohlraum targets for HIDIF. In C.Labaune, W.Hogan and K.Tanaka (Eds)
Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications, p.88, Elsevier, Paris (1988)
[2] M.M. Basko, Magnetized implosions driven by intense ion beams, Physics of Plasmas 7, 4579 (2000)
[3] Kirkpatrick et al, Magnetized Target Fusion: An Overview, Fusion Technology 27, 201 (1995)
[4] A.Caruso and C.Strangio, The injected entropy approach for the ignition and high targets by heavy ion beams or incoherent x-ray pulses, in C.Labaune, WHogan and K.Tanaka (Eds) ibid.
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Figure: Schematic view of a magnetized cylindrical target. The target consists of a metallic tube filled with fuel plasma at low density. An axial magnetic field ( indicated by B) is applied externally before the implosion. The driving ion beam then heats the outer part of of the hollow cylinder; it expands radially and drives the inner part of the tube (pusher) towards the axis, as indicated by arrows. A typical size of the targets is approximately 1-3mm in radius and 10-30mm in length.
The most prominent features of magnetized cylindrical fusion targets are:
- ignition at reduced fuel \rhor,
- relaxed demands on the driver pulse duration and power,
- total energies comparable to standard ICF
References:
[1] R.Ramis, J.Honrubia and J.Meyer-ter-Vehn, Hohlraum targets for HIDIF. In C.Labaune, W.Hogan and K.Tanaka (Eds)
Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications, p.88, Elsevier, Paris (1988)
[2] M.M. Basko, Magnetized implosions driven by intense ion beams, Physics of Plasmas 7, 4579 (2000)
[3] Kirkpatrick et al, Magnetized Target Fusion: An Overview, Fusion Technology 27, 201 (1995)
[4] A.Caruso and C.Strangio, The injected entropy approach for the ignition and high targets by heavy ion beams or incoherent x-ray pulses, in C.Labaune, WHogan and K.Tanaka (Eds) ibid.
--> go back to Andreas Kemp's home page
-->go back to the MPQ Theory home page
Thursday, December 14, 2017
And ....ops....I love this. Process and apparatus for producing ultrafine explosive particles
EP 0600881 B1
SAMENVATTING (tekst uit WO1993004018A1)
A method and an improved eductor apparatus for producing ultrafine explosive particles is disclosed. The explosive particles, which when incorporated into a binder system, have the ability to propagate in thin sheets, and have very low impact sensitivity and very high propagation sensitivity. A stream of a solution of the explosive dissolved in a solvent is thoroughly mixed with a stream of an inert nonsolvent so as to obtain nonlaminar flow of the streams by applying pressure against the flow of the nonsolvent stream, to thereby diverge the stream as it contacts the explosive solution, and violently agitating the combined stream to rapidly precipitate the explosive particles from the solution in the form of generally spheroidal, ultrafine particles. The two streams are injected coaxially through continuous, concentric orifices of a nozzle into a mixing chamber. Preferably, the nonsolvent stream is injected centrally of the explosive solution stream. The explosive solution stream is injected downstream of and surrounds the nonsolvent solution stream for a substantial distance prior to being ejected into the mixing chamber.
Talking about , octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetrazocine, HMX, organic nitrate explosives, (the importance of organic...here) and the preparation of nano particles, for MEMS explosive...starts here
GIN-PFA Bidirectional Two-way Punch Pin Grinder Grinding Machine Punch Former Lathe Turning Tool
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Ordnance that will end major wars. Thank Israel Last night I found the patent for the new munitions that are winning the war in Syria. This ordnance combines a thermobaric or fuel-air explosive and a warhead for generating non-nuclear electromagnetic pulses (EMPs).
http://www.thomaswictor.com/ordnance-that-will-end-major-wars-thank-israel/
US 8434412 B2
RESUMO
A launchable unit including a warhead for generating non-nuclear electro magnetic pulses and a thermobaric warhead without dangerous fragments. The warheads in combination are arranged to operate in different modes dependent on target types and/or objectives with engagement controlled by the aiming and setting of the weapon by a gunner.
So, let's move on...you already understand that when they refer to "energetic" they are referring "fusion" , which means the detonation, provokes, a nucleic reaction as discovered on the atomic bomb. One of the most important explosives, is the consistent properties of nitrogen. Nitrogen-Rich High Explosives
The possibility of new high explosives based on nitrogen-rich tetrazole building blocks is discussed. The expected advantages include gaseous products, high heats of formation, high propulsive/expolosive power, high specific impulse, and high flame temperatures. In addition, these new explosives do not have the toxicity and environmental activity of currently used organo-nitro explosives. The synthesis and characteristics of a series of neutral tetrazole compounds are looked at as well as the neutral nitramine, dinitrobiuret.
of course, no se pasa nada compadres. So, what do I have here, another "energetic" explosive? Do I mean, a fantastic replacement of the nuclear bomb?
US 3904985 A
RESUMO
A laser system wherein reaction products from the detonation of a condensed explosive expand to form a gaseous medium with low translational temperature but high vibration population. Thermal pumping of the upper laser level and de-excitation of the lower laser level occur during the expansion, resulting in a population inversion. The expansion may be free or through a nozzle as in a gas-dynamic configuration. In one preferred embodiment, the explosive is such that its reaction products are CO2 and other species that are beneficial or at least benign to CO2 lasing.
So, fast and effective. what is nuclear y ray? "When an electron and positron annihilate, both their masses are destroyed, creating two equal energy photons to preserve momentum. (a) Confirm that the annihilation equation e + + e − → γ + γ conserves charge, electron family number, and total number of nucleons" (nuclear y ray bomb)
y-ray laser weapon - Adding mass to light (In laser weaponry) to convert it to kinetic energy
Light has zero rest mass; that's not the same as it having zero mass. The mass of a photon can be derived from its energy using the good ol' , and the photon's energy depends on its frequency.
Photons always travel at the speed of light, regardless of their frequency or how fast you move while observing them. Since momentum depends on mass and velocity, and the velocity of light is fixed, you can also derive the momentum of a photon from its frequency.
This means that to increase the total momentum of a laser, there are two things you can do: increase the frequency of the photons or add more photons.
You might still largely have to hand wave after that though, because the amount of energy you need to add to get any serious momentum from light is so high, the kinetic effects would be largely irrelevant.
For example, you say the output is a purple beam. So lets say you are blueshifting down to violet and then adding photons to increase momentum. Violet is 380-450nm, so say 400nm. That means each photon has an energy of J and a momentum of kg m/s. For comparison, per wikipedia a 5.56 NATO cartridge has a momentum of 3.8 kg m/s. If you multiply out the number of photons to get 3.8 kg m/s of momentum, your laser's energy will be 1.1GJ, which wolframalpha helpfully tells me is equivalent to detonating a quarter of a ton of TNT.
As for Newton's third law, well momentum must be conserved. However much momentum you add to the laser is equivalent to the recoil you will feel when you fire the weapon. So in the above example, we have a laser gun with about as much recoil as a normal M-16 that hits like a decently sized bomb. If that sounds good, great.
If not, I recommend hand-waving more. Whether or not your magic device handwaves conservation of momentum depends on how much kinetic energy you want to impart in the target. If it's smallish, just accept it as recoil, otherwise handwave it.
Keep in mind that just because your laser doesn't have much momentum of its own doesn't mean it can't throw things around. Hitting something with a lot of laser energy will cause rapid ablation - parts of the surface will heat up so fast that they explode outward in one direction, which also pushes the object back in the other direction, away from the laser. You don't have to worry about the laser's momentum here because the momentum of the object comes from the equal and opposite momentum of the surface being blown off. This would be a case of the photon energy being converted into kinetic energy in the target.
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