talking about "bad rabbit" or "petya" or MTR fake bootloader, here's the code

Boot Loader: boot0
	;
	; A small boot sector program written in x86 assembly whose only
	; responsibility is to locate the active partition, load the
	; partition booter into memory, and jump to the booter's entry point.
	; It leaves the boot drive in DL and a pointer to the partition entry in SI.
	;
	; This boot loader must be placed in the Master Boot Record.
	;
	; In order to coexist with a fdisk partition table (64 bytes), and
	; leave room for a two byte signature (0xAA55) in the end, boot0 is
	; restricted to 446 bytes (512 - 64 - 2). If boot0 did not have to
	; live in the MBR, then we would have 510 bytes to work with.
	;
	; boot0 is always loaded by the BIOS or another booter to 0:7C00h.
	;
	; This code is written for the NASM assembler.
	; nasm boot0.s -o boot0
	;
	; This version of boot0 implements hybrid GUID/MBR partition scheme support
	;
	; Written by Tamás Kosárszky on 2008-03-10 and JrCs on 2013-05-08.
	;
	; Turbo added EFI System Partition boot support
	;
	; Added KillerJK's switchPass2 modifications
	;
	; JrCs added FAT32/exFAT System Partition boot support on GPT pure partition scheme
	;
	;
	; boot0af and boot0ss share the same code except.
	; The ACTIVEFIRST macro is used to select the right code
	; boot0af - define ACTIVEFIRST
	; boot0ss - do not define ACTIVEFIRST
	;
	;
	; Set to 1 to enable obscure debug messages.
	;
	DEBUG EQU 0
	;
	; Set to 1 to enable verbose mode
	;
	VERBOSE EQU 0
	;
	; Various constants.
	;
	kBoot0Segment EQU 0x0000
	kBoot0Stack EQU 0xFFF0 ; boot0 stack pointer
	kBoot0LoadAddr EQU 0x7C00 ; boot0 load address
	kBoot0RelocAddr EQU 0xE000 ; boot0 relocated address
	kMBRBuffer EQU 0x1000 ; MBR buffer address
	kLBA1Buffer EQU 0x1200 ; LBA1 - GPT Partition Table Header buffer address
	kGPTABuffer EQU 0x1400 ; GUID Partition Entry Array buffer address
	kPartTableOffset EQU 0x1be
	kMBRPartTable EQU kMBRBuffer + kPartTableOffset
	kSectorBytes EQU 512 ; sector size in bytes
	kBootSignature EQU 0xAA55 ; boot sector signature
	kHFSPSignature EQU 'H+' ; HFS+ volume signature
	kHFSPCaseSignature EQU 'HX' ; HFS+ volume case-sensitive signature
	kEXFATSignature EQU 'EX' ; exFAT volume signature
	kFAT32BootCodeOffset EQU 0x5a ; offset of boot code in FAT32 boot sector
	kBoot1FAT32Magic EQU 'BO' ; Magic string to detect our boot1f32 code
	kGPTSignatureLow EQU 'EFI ' ; GUID Partition Table Header Signature
	kGPTSignatureHigh EQU 'PART'
	kGUIDLastDwordOffs EQU 12 ; last 4 byte offset of a GUID
	kPartCount EQU 4 ; number of paritions per table
	kPartTypeEXFAT EQU 0x07 ; exFAT Filesystem type
	kPartTypeFAT32 EQU 0x0c ; FAT32 Filesystem type
	kPartTypeHFS EQU 0xaf ; HFS+ Filesystem type
	kPartTypePMBR EQU 0xee ; On all GUID Partition Table disks a Protective MBR (PMBR)
	; in LBA 0 (that is, the first block) precedes the
	; GUID Partition Table Header to maintain compatibility
	; with existing tools that do not understand GPT partition structures.
	; The Protective MBR has the same format as a legacy MBR
	; and contains one partition entry with an OSType set to 0xEE
	; reserving the entire space used on the disk by the GPT partitions,
	; including all headers.
	kPartActive EQU 0x80 ; active flag enabled
	kPartInactive EQU 0x00 ; active flag disabled
	kAppleGUID EQU 0xACEC4365 ; last 4 bytes of Apple type GUIDs.
	kEFISystemGUID EQU 0x3BC93EC9 ; last 4 bytes of EFI System Partition Type GUID:
	; C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
	kBasicDataGUID EQU 0xC79926B7 ; last 4 bytes of Basic Data System Partition Type GUID:
	; EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
	%ifdef FLOPPY
	kDriveNumber EQU 0x00
	%else
	kDriveNumber EQU 0x80
	%endif
	;
	; Format of fdisk partition entry.
	;
	; The symbol 'part_size' is automatically defined as an `EQU'
	; giving the size of the structure.
	;
	struc part
	.bootid resb 1 ; bootable or not
	.head resb 1 ; starting head, sector, cylinder
	.sect resb 1 ;
	.cyl resb 1 ;
	.type resb 1 ; partition type
	.endhead resb 1 ; ending head, sector, cylinder
	.endsect resb 1 ;
	.endcyl resb 1 ;
	.lba resd 1 ; starting lba
	.sectors resd 1 ; size in sectors
	endstruc
	;
	; Format of GPT Partition Table Header
	;
	struc gpth
	.Signature resb 8
	.Revision resb 4
	.HeaderSize resb 4
	.HeaderCRC32 resb 4
	.Reserved resb 4
	.MyLBA resb 8
	.AlternateLBA resb 8
	.FirstUsableLBA resb 8
	.LastUsableLBA resb 8
	.DiskGUID resb 16
	.PartitionEntryLBA resb 8
	.NumberOfPartitionEntries resb 4
	.SizeOfPartitionEntry resb 4
	.PartitionEntryArrayCRC32 resb 4
	endstruc
	;
	; Format of GUID Partition Entry Array
	;
	struc gpta
	.PartitionTypeGUID resb 16
	.UniquePartitionGUID resb 16
	.StartingLBA resb 8
	.EndingLBA resb 8
	.Attributes resb 8
	.PartitionName resb 72
	endstruc
	;
	; Macros.
	;
	%macro DebugCharMacro 1
	mov al, %1
	call print_char
	%endmacro
	%macro LogString 1
	mov di, %1
	call log_string
	%endmacro
	%if DEBUG
	%define DebugChar(x) DebugCharMacro x
	%else
	%define DebugChar(x)
	%endif
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Start of text segment.
	SEGMENT .text
	ORG kBoot0RelocAddr
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Boot code is loaded at 0:7C00h.
	;
	start:
	;
	; Set up the stack to grow down from kBoot0Segment:kBoot0Stack.
	; Interrupts should be off while the stack is being manipulated.
	;
	cli ; interrupts off
	xor ax, ax ; zero ax
	mov ss, ax ; ss <- 0="" span="">
	mov sp, kBoot0Stack ; sp <- of="" span="" stack="" top="">
	sti ; reenable interrupts
	mov es, ax ; es <- 0="" span="">
	mov ds, ax ; ds <- 0="" span="">
	;
	; Relocate boot0 code.
	;
	mov si, kBoot0LoadAddr ; si <- source="" span="">
	mov di, kBoot0RelocAddr ; di <- destination="" span="">
	cld ; auto-increment SI and/or DI registers
	mov cx, kSectorBytes/2 ; copy 256 words
	repnz movsw ; repeat string move (word) operation
	;
	; Code relocated, jump to start_reloc in relocated location.
	;
	jmp kBoot0Segment:start_reloc
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Start execution from the relocated location.
	;
	start_reloc:
	DebugChar('>')
	%if DEBUG
	mov al, dl
	call print_hex
	%endif
	;
	; Since this code may not always reside in the MBR, always start by
	; loading the MBR to kMBRBuffer and LBA1 to kGPTBuffer.
	;
	xor eax, eax
	mov [my_lba], eax ; store LBA sector 0 for read_lba function
	mov al, 2 ; load two sectors: MBR and LBA1
	mov bx, kMBRBuffer ; MBR load address
	call load
	jc error ; MBR load error
	;
	; Look for the booter partition in the MBR partition table,
	; which is at offset kMBRPartTable.
	;
	mov si, kMBRPartTable ; pointer to partition table
	call find_boot ; will not return on success
	error:
	LogString(boot_error_str)
	hang:
	hlt
	jmp hang
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Find the active (boot) partition and load the booter from the partition.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; DL = drive number (0x80 + unit number)
	; SI = pointer to fdisk partition table.
	;
	; Clobber list:
	; EAX, BX, EBP
	;
	find_boot:
	;
	; Check for boot block signature 0xAA55 following the 4 partition
	; entries.
	;
	cmp WORD [si + part_size * kPartCount], kBootSignature
	jne .exit ; boot signature not found.
	xor bx, bx ; BL will be set to 1 later in case of
	; Protective MBR has been found
	inc bh ; BH = 1. Giving a chance for a second pass
	; to boot an inactive but boot1h aware HFS+ partition
	; by scanning the MBR partition entries again.
	.start_scan:
	mov cx, kPartCount ; number of partition entries per table
	.loop:
	;
	; First scan through the partition table looking for the active
	; partition.
	;
	%if DEBUG
	mov al, [si + part.type] ; print partition type
	call print_hex
	%endif
	mov eax, [si + part.lba] ; save starting LBA of current
	mov [my_lba], eax ; MBR partition entry for read_lba function
	cmp BYTE [si + part.type], 0 ; unused partition?
	je .continue ; skip to next entry
	cmp BYTE [si + part.type], kPartTypePMBR ; check for Protective MBR
	jne .testPass
	mov BYTE [si + part.bootid], kPartInactive ; found Protective MBR
	; clear active flag to make sure this protective
	; partition won't be used as a bootable partition.
	mov bl, 1 ; Assume we can deal with GPT but try to scan
	; later if not found any other bootable partitions.
	.testPass:
	cmp bh, 1
	jne .Pass2
	.Pass1:
	%ifdef ACTIVEFIRST
	jmp SHORT .tryToBootIfActive
	%else
	jmp SHORT .tryToBootSupportedFS
	%endif
	.Pass2:
	%ifdef ACTIVEFIRST
	jmp SHORT .tryToBootSupportedFS
	%endif
	.tryToBootIfActive:
	; We're going to try to boot a partition if it is active
	cmp BYTE [si + part.bootid], kPartActive
	jne .continue
	xor dh, dh ; Argument for loadBootSector to skip file system signature check.
	jmp SHORT .tryToBoot
	.tryToBootSupportedFS:
	; We're going to try to boot a partition with a supported filesystem
	; equipped with boot1x in its boot record regardless if it's active or not.
	mov dh, 1 ; Argument for loadBootSector to check file system signature.
	cmp BYTE [si + part.type], kPartTypeHFS
	je .tryToBoot
	cmp BYTE [si + part.type], kPartTypeFAT32
	je .tryToBoot
	cmp BYTE [si + part.type], kPartTypeEXFAT
	jne .continue
	.tryToBoot:
	;
	; Found boot partition, read boot sector to memory.
	;
	call loadBootSector
	jne .continue
	jmp SHORT initBootLoader
	.continue:
	add si, BYTE part_size ; advance SI to next partition entry
	loop .loop ; loop through all partition entries
	;
	; Scanned all partitions but not found any with active flag enabled
	; Anyway if we found a protective MBR before we still have a chance
	; for a possible GPT Header at LBA 1
	;
	dec bl
	jnz .switchPass2 ; didn't find Protective MBR before
	call checkGPT
	.switchPass2:
	;
	; Switching to Pass 2
	; try to find a boot1h aware HFS+ MBR partition
	;
	dec bh
	mov si, kMBRPartTable ; set SI to first entry of MBR Partition table
	jz .start_scan ; scan again
	.exit:
	ret ; Giving up.
	;
	; Jump to partition booter. The drive number is already in register DL.
	; SI is pointing to the modified partition entry.
	;
	initBootLoader:
	DebugChar('J')
	%if VERBOSE
	LogString(done_str)
	%endif
	jmp kBoot0LoadAddr
	;
	; Found Protective MBR Partition Type: 0xEE
	; Check for 'EFI PART' string at the beginning
	; of LBA1 for possible GPT Table Header
	;
	checkGPT:
	push bx
	mov di, kLBA1Buffer ; address of GUID Partition Table Header
	cmp DWORD [di], kGPTSignatureLow ; looking for 'EFI '
	jne .exit ; not found. Giving up.
	cmp DWORD [di + 4], kGPTSignatureHigh ; looking for 'PART'
	jne .exit ; not found. Giving up indeed.
	mov si, di
	;
	; Loading GUID Partition Table Array
	;
	mov eax, [si + gpth.PartitionEntryLBA] ; starting LBA of GPT Array
	mov [my_lba], eax ; save starting LBA for read_lba function
	mov cx, [si + gpth.NumberOfPartitionEntries] ; number of GUID Partition Array entries
	mov bx, [si + gpth.SizeOfPartitionEntry] ; size of GUID Partition Array entry
	push bx ; push size of GUID Partition entry
	;
	; Calculating number of sectors we need to read for loading a GPT Array
	;
	; push dx ; preserve DX (DL = BIOS drive unit number)
	; mov ax, cx ; AX * BX = number of entries * size of one entry
	; mul bx ; AX = total byte size of GPT Array
	; pop dx ; restore DX
	; shr ax, 9 ; convert to sectors
	;
	; ... or:
	; Current GPT Arrays uses 128 partition entries each 128 bytes long
	; 128 entries * 128 bytes long GPT Array entries / 512 bytes per sector = 32 sectors
	;
	mov al, 32 ; maximum sector size of GPT Array (hardcoded method)
	mov bx, kGPTABuffer
	push bx ; push address of GPT Array
	call load ; read GPT Array
	pop si ; SI = address of GPT Array
	pop bx ; BX = size of GUID Partition Array entry
	jc error
	;
	; Walk through GUID Partition Table Array
	; and load boot record from first supported partition.
	;
	; If it has boot signature (0xAA55) then jump to it
	; otherwise skip to next partition.
	;
	%if VERBOSE
	LogString(gpt_str)
	%endif
	.gpt_loop:
	mov eax, [si + gpta.PartitionTypeGUID + kGUIDLastDwordOffs]
	cmp eax, kAppleGUID ; check current GUID Partition for Apple's GUID type
	je .gpt_ok
	;
	; Turbo - also try EFI System Partition
	;
	cmp eax, kEFISystemGUID ; check current GUID Partition for EFI System Partition GUID type
	je .gpt_ok
	;
	; JrCs - also try FAT2 System Partition
	;
	cmp eax, kBasicDataGUID ; check current GUID Partition for Basic Data Partition GUID type
	jne .gpt_continue
	.gpt_ok:
	;
	; Found a possible good partition try to boot it
	;
	mov eax, [si + gpta.StartingLBA] ; load boot sector from StartingLBA
	mov [my_lba], eax
	mov dh, 1 ; Argument for loadBootSector to check file system signature.
	call loadBootSector
	jne .gpt_continue ; no boot loader signature
	mov si, kMBRPartTable ; fake the current GUID Partition
	mov [si + part.lba], eax ; as MBR style partition for boot1h
	mov BYTE [si + part.type], kPartTypeHFS ; with HFS+ filesystem type (0xAF)
	jmp SHORT initBootLoader
	.gpt_continue:
	add si, bx ; advance SI to next partition entry
	loop .gpt_loop ; loop through all partition entries
	.exit:
	pop bx
	ret ; no more GUID partitions. Giving up.
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; loadBootSector - Load boot sector
	;
	; Arguments:
	; DL = drive number (0x80 + unit number)
	; DH = 0 skip file system signature checking
	; 1 enable file system signature checking
	; [my_lba] = starting LBA.
	;
	; Returns:
	; ZF = 0 if boot sector hasn't kBootSignature
	; 1 if boot sector has kBootSignature
	;
	loadBootSector:
	pusha
	mov al, 3
	mov bx, kBoot0LoadAddr
	call load
	jc error
	or dh, dh
	jz .checkBootSignature
	.checkHFSSignature:
	%if VERBOSE
	LogString(test_str)
	%endif
	;
	; Looking for HFSPlus ('H+') or HFSPlus case-sensitive ('HX') signature.
	;
	mov ax, [kBoot0LoadAddr + 2 * kSectorBytes]
	cmp ax, kHFSPSignature ; 'H+'
	je .checkBootSignature
	cmp ax, kHFSPCaseSignature ; 'HX'
	je .checkBootSignature
	;
	; Looking for exFAT signature
	;
	mov ax, [kBoot0LoadAddr + 3]
	cmp ax, kEXFATSignature ; 'EX'
	je .checkBootSignature
	;
	; Looking for boot1f32 magic string.
	;
	mov ax, [kBoot0LoadAddr + kFAT32BootCodeOffset]
	cmp ax, kBoot1FAT32Magic
	jne .exit
	.checkBootSignature:
	;
	; Check for boot block signature 0xAA55
	;
	cmp WORD [kBoot0LoadAddr + kSectorBytes - 2], kBootSignature
	.exit:
	popa
	ret
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; load - Load one or more sectors from a partition.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; AL = number of 512-byte sectors to read.
	; ES:BX = pointer to where the sectors should be stored.
	; DL = drive number (0x80 + unit number)
	; [my_lba] = starting LBA.
	;
	; Returns:
	; CF = 0 success
	; 1 error
	;
	load:
	push cx
	.ebios:
	mov cx, 5 ; load retry count
	.ebios_loop:
	call read_lba ; use INT13/F42
	jnc .exit
	loop .ebios_loop
	.exit:
	pop cx
	ret
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; read_lba - Read sectors from a partition using LBA addressing.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; AL = number of 512-byte sectors to read (valid from 1-127).
	; ES:BX = pointer to where the sectors should be stored.
	; DL = drive number (0x80 + unit number)
	; [my_lba] = starting LBA.
	;
	; Returns:
	; CF = 0 success
	; 1 error
	;
	read_lba:
	pushad ; save all registers
	mov bp, sp ; save current SP
	;
	; Create the Disk Address Packet structure for the
	; INT13/F42 (Extended Read Sectors) on the stack.
	;
	; push DWORD 0 ; offset 12, upper 32-bit LBA
	push ds ; For sake of saving memory,
	push ds ; push DS register, which is 0.
	mov ecx, [my_lba] ; offset 8, lower 32-bit LBA
	push ecx
	push es ; offset 6, memory segment
	push bx ; offset 4, memory offset
	xor ah, ah ; offset 3, must be 0
	push ax ; offset 2, number of sectors
	; It pushes 2 bytes with a smaller opcode than if WORD was used
	push BYTE 16 ; offset 0-1, packet size
	DebugChar('<')
	%if DEBUG
	mov eax, ecx
	call print_hex
	%endif
	;
	; INT13 Func 42 - Extended Read Sectors
	;
	; Arguments:
	; AH = 0x42
	; DL = drive number (80h + drive unit)
	; DS:SI = pointer to Disk Address Packet
	;
	; Returns:
	; AH = return status (sucess is 0)
	; carry = 0 success
	; 1 error
	;
	; Packet offset 2 indicates the number of sectors read
	; successfully.
	;
	mov si, sp
	mov ah, 0x42
	int 0x13
	jnc .exit
	DebugChar('R') ; indicate INT13/F42 error
	;
	; Issue a disk reset on error.
	; Should this be changed to Func 0xD to skip the diskette controller
	; reset?
	;
	xor ax, ax ; Func 0
	int 0x13 ; INT 13
	stc ; set carry to indicate error
	.exit:
	mov sp, bp ; restore SP
	popad
	ret
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Write a string with 'boot0: ' prefix to the console.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; ES:DI pointer to a NULL terminated string.
	;
	; Clobber list:
	; DI
	;
	log_string:
	pusha
	push di
	mov si, log_title_str
	call print_string
	pop si
	call print_string
	popa
	ret
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Write a string to the console.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; DS:SI pointer to a NULL terminated string.
	;
	; Clobber list:
	; AX, BX, SI
	;
	print_string:
	mov bx, 1 ; BH=0, BL=1 (blue)
	cld ; increment SI after each lodsb call
	.loop:
	lodsb ; load a byte from DS:SI into AL
	cmp al, 0 ; Is it a NULL?
	je .exit ; yes, all done
	mov ah, 0xE ; INT10 Func 0xE
	int 0x10 ; display byte in tty mode
	jmp short .loop
	.exit:
	ret
	%if DEBUG
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Write a ASCII character to the console.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; AL = ASCII character.
	;
	print_char:
	pusha
	mov bx, 1 ; BH=0, BL=1 (blue)
	mov ah, 0x0e ; bios INT 10, Function 0xE
	int 0x10 ; display byte in tty mode
	popa
	ret
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Write the 4-byte value to the console in hex.
	;
	; Arguments:
	; EAX = Value to be displayed in hex.
	;
	print_hex:
	pushad
	mov cx, WORD 4
	bswap eax
	.loop:
	push ax
	ror al, 4
	call print_nibble ; display upper nibble
	pop ax
	call print_nibble ; display lower nibble
	ror eax, 8
	loop .loop
	mov al, 10 ; carriage return
	call print_char
	mov al, 13
	call print_char
	popad
	ret
	print_nibble:
	and al, 0x0f
	add al, '0'
	cmp al, '9'
	jna .print_ascii
	add al, 'A' - '9' - 1
	.print_ascii:
	call print_char
	ret
	getc:
	pusha
	mov ah, 0
	int 0x16
	popa
	ret
	%endif ;DEBUG
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; NULL terminated strings.
	;
	%if VERBOSE
	gpt_str db 'GPT', 0
	test_str db 'test', 0
	done_str db 'done', 0
	%endif
	boot_error_str db 'error', 0
	;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
	; Pad the rest of the 512 byte sized booter with zeroes. The last
	; two bytes is the mandatory boot sector signature.
	;
	; If the booter code becomes too large, then nasm will complain
	; that the 'times' argument is negative.
	;
	; According to EFI specification, maximum boot code size is 440 bytes
	;
	pad_boot:
	times 428-($-$$) db 0 ; 428 = 440 - len(log_title_str)
	log_title_str:
	%ifdef ACTIVEFIRST
	db 10, 13, 'boot0af: ', 0 ; can be use as signature
	%else
	db 10, 13, 'boot0ss: ', 0 ; can be use as signature
	%endif
	pad_table_and_sig:
	times 510-($-$$) db 0
	dw kBootSignature
	ABSOLUTE 0xE400
	;
	; In memory variables.
	;
	my_lba resd 1 ; Starting LBA for read_lba function
	; END https://github.com/Clover-EFI-Bootloader/clover/blob/master/BootHFS/boot0.s

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