I was researching early this morning about astatine , the most radioactive substance there is, which on all Earth existence maybe only 30 mg existed ever !!! well than, shit happens, usually!!! Its that we can produce astatine (which really doens't exist) by bombarding bismuth with alpha particules. Which then...again shit happens...i have here some great shit for the fundamentalist! Check it out "Artificially Induced Radioactivity"

Radioactivity is the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and conversion electrons Although radioactivity is observed as a natural occurring process, it can also be artificially induced typically via the bombarding atoms of a specific element by radiating particles, thus creating new atoms.

Introduction

Ernest Rutherford was a prominent New Zealand scientist, and a winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1908. Amongst his vast list of discoveries, Rutherford was also the first to discover artificially induced radioactivity. Through the bombardment of alpha particles against nuclei of N14${}^{14}\text{N}$ with 7 protons/electrons, Rutherford produced O17${}^{17}\text{O}$ (8 protons/electrons) and protons (Figure 1.1$1.1$). Through this observation, Rutherford concluded that atoms of one specific element can be made into atoms of another element. If the resulting element is radioactive, then this process is called artificially induced radioactivity

Figure 1.1$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{1}$: Rutherford generated  O17${}^{17}\text{O}$ via bombarding N14${}^{14}\text{N}$ with alpha particles.

Rutherford was the first researcher to create protons outside of the atomic nuclei and the O17${}^{17}\text{O}$ isotope of oxygen, which is nonradioactive. Similarly, other nuclei when bombarded with alpha particles will generate new elements (Figure 1.2$1.2$) that may be radioactive and decay naturally or that may be stable and persist like O17${}^{17}\text{O}$ .

Figure 1.2$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{2}$: Researchers have used α$\alpha$ particle to react with another atom such as Beryllium. The result is a Carbon nucleus and a neutron. This is artificial radioactivity or induced radioactivity. Image used with permission from igem.org.

Before this discovery of artificial induction of radioactivity, it was a common belief that atoms of matter are unchangeable and indivisible. After the very first discoveries made by Ernest Rutherford, Irene Joliot-Curie and her husband, Frederic Joliot, a new point of view was developed. The point of view that although atoms appear to be stable, they can be transformed into new atoms with different chemical properties. Today over one thousand artificially created radioactive nuclides exist, which considerably outnumber the nonradioactive ones created.

Note: Irene Joliet-Curie and Frederic Joliot

Irene Joliet-Curie and her husband Frédéric both were French scientists who shared winning the Nobel Prize award in chemistry in 1935 for artificially synthesizing a radioactive isotope of phosphorus by bombarding aluminum with alpha particles. P30${}^{30}\text{P}$ with 15 protons was the first radioactive nuclide obtained through this method of artificially inducing radioactivity.

Al1327+He24→P1530+n01(1.1)$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1.1)}& {}_{13}{}^{27}\text{Al}+{}_2{}^4\text{He}\to {}_{15}{}^{30}\text{P}+{}_0{}^1\text{n}\end{array}$$

P1530→Si1430+β−10(1.2)$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1.2)}& {}_{15}{}^{30}\text{P}\to {}_{14}{}^{30}\text{Si}+{}_{-1}{}^0\beta \end{array}$$

Figure 1.3$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{3}$: Researchers can use neutrons to react with atoms (for example 235 Uranium) to generate a bigger nuclei with an excess of neutron leading to an increase of the unstability and the new nucleus can split into two smaller nuclei. This phenomenon is the sometimes called neutronic fission. Image used with permission from igem.org.

Activation (or radioactivation) involves making a radioactive isotope by neutron capture, e.g. the addition of a neutron to a nuclide resulting in an increase in isotope number by 1 while retaining the same atomic number  (Figure 1.3$1.3$). Activation is often an inadvertent process occurring inside or near a nuclear reactor, where there are many neutrons flying around. For example, Cobalt-59 has a large neutron capture cross-section, making it likely that Co-59 in or near a nuclear reactor will capture a neutron forming the radioactive isotope Co-60.

n01+Co59→Co60(1.3)$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1.3)}& {}_0{}^1\text{n}+{}^{59}\text{Co}\to {}^{60}\text{Co}\end{array}$$

The Co60${}^{60}\text{Co}$ isotope is unstable (half life of 5.272 years) and disintegrates into Ni60${}^{60}\text{Ni}$ via the emission of β$\beta$ particle and γ$\gamma$ radiation Figure 1.4$1.4$.

 

Figure 1.4$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{4}$: Example of  Co59${}^{59}\text{Co}$ activation and Co60${}^{60}\text{Co}$ disintegration. Image used with permission from igem.org.

Example 1.1$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{1}$: Neutron Bombardment

Write a nuclear equation for the creation of 56Mn through the bombardment of 59Co with neutrons.

SOLUTION

A unknown particle is produced with 56Mn, in order to find the mass number (A) of the unknown we must subtract the mass number of the Manganese atom from the mass number of the Cobalt atom plus the neutron being thrown. In simpler terms,

Now, by referring to a periodic table to find the atomic numbers of Mn and Co, and then subtracting the atomic number of Mn from Co, we will receive the atomic number of the unknown particle

Thus, the unknown particle has A = 4, and Z = 2, which would make it a Helium particle, and the nuclear formula would be as follows:

Co2750+n01→Mn2556+α24$${}_{27}{}^{50}\text{Co}+{}_0{}^1\text{n}\to {}_{25}{}^{56}\text{Mn}+{}_2{}^4\alpha$$

Example 1.2$\mathbf{1.}\mathbf{2}$: Calcium Bombardment

Write a nuclear equation for the production of Eu147${}^{147}\text{Eu}$ by bombardment of La139${}^{139}\text{La}$ with Ca12${}^{12}\text{Ca}$.

SOLUTION

Like the above example, you must first find the mass number of the unknown particle.

Thus, the mass number of the unknown particle is 4. Again by referring to a periodic table and finding the atomic numbers of Lanthanum, Carbon and Europium, we are able to calculate the atomic number of the unknown particle,

The atomic number for the unknown particle equals to zero, therefore 4 neutrons are emitted, and the nuclear equation is written as follows:

La57139+C612→Eu63147+4n10$${}_{57}{}^{139}\text{La}+{}_6{}^{12}\text{C}\to {}_{63}{}^{147}\text{Eu}+4{}_1{}^0\text{n}$$

Summary

Induced radioactivity occurs when a previously stable material has been made radioactive by exposure to specific radiation. Most radioactivity does not induce other material to become radioactive. This Induced radioactivity was discovered by Irène Curie and F. Joliot in 1934. This is also known as man-made radioactivity. The phenomenon by which even light elements are made radioactive by artificial or induced methods is called artificial radioactivity.

References

1. Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura. General Chemistry:Principles & Modern Applications (9th Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007
2. Savel, Pierre. "Atomic Energy." The Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity Vol.16 No.6 (1964), pp. 534-537

http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Artificially_Induced_Radioactivity

As I get indeep the poisoning subject, I found out that the most dangerous substances on Earth, specially those who beat ricine, like animals poison (frogs, fish, snakes..) are those which can perform a sodium cell inhibitor, meaning it cuts all proteins channels on the nervous system. for instance you can get the liver out of a puffer fish usually used in Japan...but to get 100 mg of tetrodotoxin (Fatal dose) you need to get 100 kilos of liver. ...however, like usual, i got a seed easy to buy, coming from this plant (strophantus gratus) that if you boil the leaves, the oil which forms, kills after skin contact on 2 minutes.

buy on line :http://www.strophantin-shop.com/shop

This is poison ivy plant....its everywhere, but you really need to check if its the poison one, like the one in the picture; The oil extracted form this plant can kill in 10 minutes by skin contact; part of the skin cell tissue is 40% fatness, therefore the oil absortion is very quickly; to extract the oil from the plant, you need a herb binder, to make a paste, and then wait for the oil to be form on the top; be carefull to not get infected yourself, use gloves, eyes protection and arms protection. On warfare they call this nervouse agent as Urushiol.

Sodium in Water Explosion | Chemical Reaction

So, Dimethylmercury really upset them...but I have here two greatest chit...."Curare dissolved in DMSO Demythyl Sulfoxide ( Not a poison...) (and also highly concentrated nicotine dissolved in DMSO) Dissolving something in DMSO is as good as injecting it straight into a persons veins when they touch it - it's absorbed into the skin, then into your bloodstream...and what's Curare? Curare its a south american poison, coming from some few plants...however, this is the good part ...you can get this with two fantastic drugs : Pavulon and Succinylcholine!!!!

"...Acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning can result from inhalation of fumes from burning polymer products that use nitrile in their production.." I heard that the fundamentalist muslim, wanted very much to manage to get something on board of airplanes, with clothing!!! either explosives...this is called Tabun...as a letal gas, it was used on the nazi concentration camps...

like I was saying polymers must have on their composition a litle bit of this

http://www.ebay.com/itm/10-Pairs-Premium-BLACK-Nitrile-Rubber-Coated-Palm-Work-Gloves-/171762992601

from inahalation, it kills on 2 minutes

NERVE GAS WARFARE HOW TO MAKE CHLORINE GAS

WARNING! Chlorine Gas is toxic and this experiment should be performed outside or under a fume hood. Please wear safety gear and stop the experiment once you smell the chlorine (should be after some seconds). Now a little theory (can be skipped if you like). Salt in Water dissolves into positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions. With the electrolysis in this experiment we will obtain the chlorine gas as the chlorine ions are attracted to the positive electrode and leave one of their excess electrons, thus forming chlorine gas. On the negative side, hydrogen gas will form.

Now you need to gather some easy-to-find materials.

• A Cup
• Water
• Salt
• Aluminium Foil
• A carbon or graphite electrode (can be obtained from batteries or just use a pencil lead)
• Wires
• A 9 Volt Battery
• (Duct) Tape
• Breadboard (optional)
• something to stir
• safety gear

Dilute some salt in water. You can decide how much salt to use. I used 3-4 teaspoons of regular Sodium chloride salt on 100 ml of water.

Wrap a wire around the carbon electrode and fix it with tape. Repeat the process with the aluminium foil.

Connecting - Producing Chlorine Gas

Put both electrodes in the cup filled with the saltwater. Now connect the positive side of the battery with the carbon electrode and the negative side with the aluminium foil. For ease of use you may use a breadboard. Once connected to the power outlet bubbles will start to form. The ones on the carbon electrode are chlorine gas bubbles. Soon you should be able to smell the chlorine. Stop the experiment then and do not leave it unattended, as chlorine is toxic. I am not responsible for any damage caused by the recreation of this instructable

Can You Smoke Water with E-cigarettes

Yesterday Mark, a reader of e-cigarettepedia.com, asked me the following question:

I was wondering if it was possible to use plain water (or distilled water or perhaps a ‘home made’ mixture) in place of the e-liquid. I have seen the zero nicotine e-liquid.  I would assume that since it has zero nicotine, there is no risk of chemical addiction?  I was looking for information on atomizers, because I was trying to figure out if I could use plain water with one.

Mark’s question made me curious, so I did an experiment:

Experiment Using Water Instead of E-liquid for E-cigarettes

It’s important that I used an e-cigarette atomizer that had been used previously. Used atomizers have deposits of e-liquid that cannot be cleaned completely. And this affected my initial results.

In my experiment, I used a new cartridge, the one without e-liquid, and my super mini e-cigarette. I filled the cartridge with sink water instead of e-liquid. At first my e-cigarette worked as if it was filled with e-liquid—weaker taste, lots of smoke. But after 10 puffs, the smoke tasted more and more like pure water vapor. Ten more puffs and less and less vapor. It also became harder and harder to suck on the mouthpiece.

What Did These Results Mean?

• It is possible to use a dilute e-liquid since deposits of e-liquid in atomizer chamber and water from cartridge produced a lot of vapor.
• You can’t smoke water with your e-cigarette. The e-cigarette might produce a very small amount of water vapor, and you have to suck on your e-cigarette  like a hungry baby at her mamma’s breast.

http://www.e-cigarettepedia.com/2009/04/11/can-you-smoke-water-with-e-cigarettes/

Diamond growing process (synthetic diamonds made of carbon (hair) stricly controlled by the gov)

" These diamonds, grown in a laboratory, share most of the characteristics of their natural counterparts: they are essentially carbon.Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) – diamond growth in a vacuum chamber due to a chemical reaction which releases carbon atoms that precipitate on diamond seed plates."
you can actually order diamonds, which " A synthetic gem material is one that is made in a laboratory, but which shares virtually all chemical, optical, and physical characteristics of its natural mineral counterpart,"
diamonds are used in oil drilling (for its the most hardest mineral on Earth) on military missiles optical

People like to call this Fake...not true!

Tifferau was a French chemist converted to alchemy, or rather that landed alchemy as a point of arrival (but looks a little!)
its theoretical and its practical experience. After traveling along wide for 5 years in mines, quarries, Ganges, metalliferous veins
managed to get gold for transmutation.

Have not yet been tested in the laboratory for what I know. If someone wants to try it can not hurt!

I carry the as they are written in the book.

Put in a bottle containing 8 g to 10 g of fine silver filings, cover with nitric acid and sunning.

It will have the development of nitrous gas and the formation of a black deposit, aggregate on the bottom. Leave the bottle

to stand for twelve days, then add distilled water to the boil until the seventeenth day

of nitrous vapors, then heated up to the total dry matter appears black and greenish. Of this compound,

pour boiling nitric acid several times: you will get darker than green, then yellow and finally golden, at which time the

material breaks down and reveals the gold flakes.


It has also written another of "recipe" that the following:

Stir twelve parts of concentrated sulfuric acid and two parts of nitric acid at 40 ° C. This mixture should be placed in glass tubes in which it will be paid

filings silver and pure copper, in a mixture in which the copper comes in for a tenth. Bring to the boil for several days by adding sulfuric acid and pure

concentrated, add sulphate of ammonia and bring back to a boil.

Decant the nitric solution of the tubes and boil the remainder of nitric acid with sulfuric acid in the amount of 10.12 times the volume of the first acid.

Heat to 360 ° C. for 36 hours after cooling the mixture deposited gold particles precipitable with oxalic acid.

http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/13372-produce-gold.html